Figure 1Autonomy and relatedness have been shown to have a mediating effect in the relationship between healthcare provider’s autonomy support and self-management.
Table 1Difference in self-management according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants (N = 148).
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) |
Mean ± SD |
t or F (p) |
Gender |
Men |
48 (32.4) |
77.48 ± 14.38 |
0.69 (0.490) |
Women |
100 (67.6) |
75.71 ± 14.65 |
|
Age (y) |
< 60 |
91 (61.5) |
77.03 ± 14.77 |
0.79 (0.430) |
≥ 60 |
57 (38.5) |
75.09 ± 14.21 |
|
Education |
≤ Middle school |
31 (20.9) |
72.42 ± 16.08 |
−1.67 (0.096) |
≥ High school |
117 (79.1) |
77.31 ± 14.00 |
|
Spouse |
Yes |
113 (76.4) |
76.12 ± 14.80 |
−0.25 (0.801) |
No |
35 (23.6) |
76.83 ± 13.86 |
|
Religion |
Yes |
104 (70.3) |
78.35 ± 12.49 |
2.36 (0.022) |
No |
44 (29.7) |
71.41 ± 17.74 |
|
Job |
Yes |
46 (31.1) |
76.20 ± 15.56 |
−0.05 (0.961) |
No |
102 (68.9) |
76.32 ± 14.14 |
|
Patient’s support group |
Yes |
19 (12.8) |
77.63 ± 10.52 |
0.43 (0.667) |
No |
129 (87.2) |
76.09 ± 15.06 |
|
Cancer type |
Breast |
21 (14.2) |
74.52 ± 14.38 |
1.80 (0.117) |
Thyroid |
31 (20.9) |
70.65 ± 16.58 |
Gynecological |
43 (29.1) |
76.70 ± 14.43 |
Gastrointestinal |
30 (20.3) |
78.93 ± 13.79 |
Lung |
11 (7.4) |
80.45 ± 12.60 |
Other*
|
12 (8.1) |
82.00 ± 9.54 |
|
Treatment |
Surgery |
26 (17.6) |
76.00 ± 16.22 |
0.61 (0.720) |
Chemotherapy |
26 (17.6) |
77.31 ± 15.60 |
Radiation therapy |
7 (4.7) |
75.57 ± 14.03 |
Sur+Che |
31 (20.9) |
77.16 ± 14.02 |
Sur+Rad |
18 (12.2) |
71.00 ± 13.61 |
Che+Rad |
12 (8.1) |
80.67 ± 14.59 |
Sur+Che+Rad |
28 (18.9) |
76.63 ± 13.69 |
|
Duration of diagnosis (y) |
< 2 |
57 (38.5) |
76.70 ± 13.70 |
0.53 (0.591) |
2–5 |
57 (38.5) |
77.37 ± 15.21 |
> 5 |
34 (23.0) |
74.06 ± 15.72 |
|
Current treatment |
Yes |
102 (68.9) |
76.58 ± 15.17 |
0.37 (0.715) |
No |
46 (31.1) |
75.63 ± 13.17 |
|
Comorbid disease |
Yes |
62 (41.9) |
76.06 ± 12.73 |
−0.16 (0.877) |
No |
86 (58.1) |
76.44 ± 15.79 |
Table 2Descriptive statistics of healthcare provider’s autonomy support, basic psychological needs, and self-management (N = 148).
Variables |
Mean ± SD |
Range |
Min |
Max |
Healthcare provider’s autonomy support |
84.64 ± 13.11 |
15–105 |
27 |
105 |
|
Basic psychological needs |
111.01 ± 15.41 |
21–147 |
80 |
147 |
Autonomy |
38.80 ± 5.63 |
7–49 |
26 |
49 |
Competence |
28.20 ± 5.55 |
6–42 |
14 |
42 |
Relatedness |
44.01 ± 6.49 |
8–56 |
24 |
56 |
|
Self-management |
76.28 ± 14.54 |
0–96 |
15 |
96 |
Table 3Correlations among healthcare provider’s autonomy support, basic psychological needs, and self-management (N = 148).
|
HCP’s autonomysupport |
Basic Psychological Needs |
Self-Management |
Autonomy |
Competence |
Relatedness |
r (p) |
r ((p) |
r ((p) |
r ((p) |
r ((p) |
HCP’s autonomy support |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Autonomy |
0.39 (< 0.001) |
1 |
|
|
|
Competence |
0.29 (< 0.001) |
0.61 (< 0.001) |
1 |
|
|
Relatedness |
0.36 (< 0.001) |
0.66 (< 0.001) |
0.64 (< 0.001) |
1 |
|
Self-Management |
0.38 (< 0.001) |
0.40 (< 0.001) |
0.25 (0.002) |
0.32 (< 0.001) |
1 |
Table 4Mediating effect of basic psychological needs in relationship between healthcare provider’s autonomy support and self-management (N = 148).
Variables |
B |
SE |
β |
t
|
p
|
Adj. R2
|
F |
p
|
1) Mediating effect of autonomy |
Step 1. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Autonomy |
0.17 |
0.03 |
0.39 |
5.18 |
< 0.001 |
0.15 |
26.79 |
< 0.001 |
Step 2. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.42 |
0.09 |
0.38 |
4.89 |
< 0.001 |
0.14 |
23.93 |
< 0.001 |
Step 3. |
HCP’s autonomy support, autonomy → Self-management |
|
|
|
|
|
0.21 |
20.30 |
< 0.001 |
(1) HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.28 |
0.09 |
0.26 |
3.20 |
0.002 |
|
|
|
(2) Autonomy → Self-management |
0.79 |
0.21 |
0.30 |
3.81 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
Sobel test: Z = 3.13 (p = 0.002) |
|
2) Mediating effect of competence |
Step 1. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Competence |
0.12 |
0.03 |
0.29 |
3.60 |
< 0.001 |
0.08 |
12.99 |
< 0.001 |
Step 2. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.42 |
0.09 |
0.38 |
4.89 |
< 0.001 |
0.14 |
23.93 |
< 0.001 |
Step 3. |
HCP’s autonomy support, competence → Self-management |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15 |
14.24 |
< 0.001 |
(1) HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.37 |
0.09 |
0.33 |
4.16 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
(2) Competence→ Self-management |
0.42 |
0.21 |
0.16 |
2.01 |
0.046 |
|
|
|
|
Sobel test: Z = 1.79 (p = 0.074) |
|
3) Mediating effect of relatedness |
Step 1. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Relatedness |
0.18 |
0.04 |
0.36 |
4.68 |
< 0.001 |
0.12 |
21.88 |
< 0.001 |
Step 2. |
HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.42 |
0.09 |
0.38 |
4.89 |
< 0.001 |
0.14 |
23.93 |
< 0.001 |
Step 3. |
HCP’s autonomy support, relatedness → Self-management |
|
|
|
|
|
0.17 |
16.03 |
< 0.001 |
(1) HCP’s autonomy support → Self-management |
0.33 |
0.09 |
0.30 |
3.69 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
(2) Relatedness→ Self-management |
0.48 |
0.18 |
0.22 |
2.67 |
0.008 |
|
|
|
|
Sobel test: Z = 2.29 (p = 0.022) |