aDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
bFaculty of Public Health, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
cepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Copyright ©2020, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Characteristics | n (%) | Exposed (%) | Not exposed (%) | p |
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Age (y) | 0.683* | |||
18–24 | 47 (11.5) | 19 (4.6) | 28 (6.8) | |
25–50 | 300 (73.2) | 106 (25.8) | 194 (47.4) | |
≥ 50 | 63 (15.3) | 25 (6.1) | 38 (9.3) | |
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Marital status | 0.652* | |||
Single | 55 (13.4) | 22 (5.4) | 33 (8.0) | |
Married | 355 (86.6) | 128 (31.2) | 227 (55.4) | |
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Education | < 0.001* | |||
No formal schooling | 21 (5.1) | 16 (3.9) | 5 (1.4) | |
Primary | 82 (20.0) | 49 (11.8) | 33 (8.2) | |
Secondary | 153 (37.4) | 59 (14.5) | 94 (22.3) | |
College | 53 (12.9) | 16 (3.9) | 37 (9.2) | |
University | 101 (24.6) | 10 (2.6) | 91 (22.2) | |
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Employment | 0.421† | |||
Employed | 298 (72.7) | 113 (27.5) | 185 (45.1) | |
Unemployed | 112 (27.3) | 37 (9.1) | 75 (18.3) | |
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Family income (BDT) | < 0.001* | |||
Low income group | 124 (30.2) | 52 (12.7) | 72 (17.5) | |
Moderate income group | 186 (45.4) | 78 (19.0) | 108 (26.4) | |
High income group | 100 (24.4) | 20 (4.9) | 80 (19.5) | |
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No. of Children in the Household | 0.945 * | |||
1 child | 123 (30.0) | 44 (10.6) | 79 (19.6) | |
2–4 children | 272 (63.3) | 100 (24.4) | 172 (41.7) | |
5 or more children | 15 (3.7) | 6 (1.5) | 9 (2.2) | |
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Type of housing | < 0.001* | |||
Building | 121 (29.5) | 34 (8.3) | 87 (21.2) | |
Tin shade house | 282 (68.8) | 115 (28.0) | 167 (40.8) | |
Fence/slum | 71.7 (1.7) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (1.5) |
Dependent variables | n (%) | Unadjusted univariate analysis | Adjusted* multivariate analysis | ||
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OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Smoker present in the household | |||||
No | 238 (58.04) | Reference | |||
Yes | 171 (41.70) | 70.050 (35.722–137.365) | < 0.001 | 48.382 (20.18–115.959) | < 0.001 |
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Education | |||||
No formal schooling | 21 (5.12) | Reference | |||
Primary school completed | 82 (20.00) | 0.464 (0.155–1.390) | 0.170 | 0.655 (0.100– 4.286) | 0.659 |
Secondary school completed | 153 (36.58) | 0.196 (0.068 –0.564) | 0.002 | 0.370 (0.057–2.406) | 0.298 |
College completed | 53 (12.92) | 0.135 (0.042–0.432) | 0.001 | 0.255 (0.033–2.001) | 0.194 |
University completed | 101 (24.63) | 0.034 (0.010–0.114) | < 0.001 | 0.106 (0.013–0.843) | 0.034 |
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Smoke free rules in the household | |||||
Low implementation | 58 (14.14) | Reference | |||
High implementation | 351 (85.60) | 0.006 (0.001–0.046) | < 0.001 | 0.012 (0.001–0.116) | < 0.001 |
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Social norms and culture | |||||
Low influence | 19 (4.63) | Reference | |||
Moderate influence | 86 (20.97) | 0.966 (0.357–2.614) | 0.946 | 0.172 (0.025–1.155) | 0.070 |
High influence | 304 (74.14) | 0.550 (0.217–1.396) | 0.209 | 0.135 (0.023–0.804) | 0.028 |
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Knowledge of secondhand smoking | |||||
Low | 74 (18.04) | Reference | |||
Moderate | 262 (63.90) | 0.418 (0.248–0.705) | 0.001 | 0.385 (0.149–0.997) | 0.049 |
High | 73 (17.80) | 0.239 (0.117–0.485) | < 0.001 | 0.729 (0.217–2.450) | 0.609 |