Table 1Mean scores of lifestyle variables among the participants.
Variables |
Mean |
SD |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Age (y) |
21.79 |
2.68 |
18 |
39 |
Semester |
4.27 |
2.45 |
1 |
12 |
Size of the family |
2.68 |
0.86 |
1 |
4 |
Order of birth in the family |
2.35 |
1.60 |
1 |
12 |
Spiritual growth |
27.35 |
5.24 |
13 |
40 |
Health responsibility |
34.05 |
6.97 |
14 |
56 |
Interpersonal relations |
21.59 |
3.91 |
12 |
32 |
Stress management |
11.73 |
2.64 |
5 |
20 |
Physical activity |
14.10 |
4.95 |
7 |
28 |
Nutritional habits |
18.65 |
4.14 |
8 |
32 |
Health-promoting lifestyle |
127.47 |
19.78 |
76 |
208 |
Well-being |
13.97 |
5.65 |
0 |
25 |
Self-efficacy |
60.71 |
8.61 |
33 |
81 |
Willingness to initiate behavior |
24.68 |
3.65 |
12 |
33 |
Willingness to expend effort |
20.96 |
3.31 |
6 |
30 |
Persistence in the face of adversity |
15.07 |
3 |
6 |
20 |
Table 2Relationship between lifestyle variables with self-efficacy and general health.
Variables |
Self-efficacy (%) |
Well-being (%) |
|
Low |
High |
X2 (p) |
Normal |
Abnormal |
X2 (p) |
Gender |
Male |
72 (35.1) |
133 (64.9) |
1.56 (0.24) |
133 (64.9) |
72 (35.1) |
0.12 (0.73) |
Female |
88 (29.8) |
207 (70.2) |
187 (63.4) |
108 (36.6) |
|
Status of the student |
Native to the city |
41 (36.6) |
71 (63.4) |
1.41 (0.24) |
72 (64.3) |
40 (35.7) |
0.05 (0.94) |
Non-native |
119 (30.7) |
269 (63.3) |
248 (63.9) |
140 (36.1) |
|
Economic status ($) |
≤ 50 |
10 (43.5) |
13 (56.5) |
4.85 (0.18) |
9 (39.1) |
14 (60.9) |
7.27 (0.06) |
50–100 |
7 (30.4) |
16 (69.6) |
13 (56.5) |
10 (43.5) |
100–150 |
20 (43.5) |
26 (56.5) |
30 (65.2) |
16 (34.8) |
≥ 150 |
123 (30.1) |
285 (69.9) |
268 (65.7) |
140 (34.3) |
|
Status of the parents |
Both live in the area |
152 (32.2) |
320 (67.8) |
1.06 (0.589) |
303 (64.2) |
169 (35.8) |
0.21 (0.90) |
Only father is alive |
2 (18.2) |
9 (81.8) |
7 (63.6) |
4 (36.4) |
Only mother is alive |
6 (35.3) |
11 (64.7) |
10 (58.8) |
7 (41.2) |
|
Educational background |
1–2 semesters |
41 (27.9) |
106 (72.1) |
1.62 (0.204) |
94 (63.9) |
53 (36.1) |
0.0001 (0.99) |
≥ 2 semesters |
119 (33.7) |
234 (66.3) |
226 (64) |
127 (36) |
|
Well-being |
Normal |
89 (27.8) |
231 (72.2) |
7.16 (0.007) |
- |
- |
- |
Non-normal |
71 (39.4) |
109 (60.6) |
- |
- |
|
Self-efficacy |
Low |
- |
- |
- |
89 (27.8) |
231 (72.2) |
7.16 (0.007) |
High |
- |
- |
71 (39.4) |
109 (60.6) |
|
Place of residence |
City |
142 (30.9) |
317 (69.1) |
2.91 (0.09) |
293 (63.8) |
166 (36.2) |
0.07 (0.80) |
Village |
18 (43.9) |
23 (56.1) |
27 (65.9) |
14 (34.1) |
|
Economic activity |
Yes |
36 (37.5) |
60 (62.5) |
1.65 (0.20) |
64 (66.7) |
32 (33.3) |
0.37 (0.55) |
No |
124 (30.7) |
340 (69.3) |
256 (63.4) |
148 (36.6) |
|
Marital status |
Single |
139 (31) |
310 (69) |
2.20 (0.14) |
293 (65.3) |
156 (34.7) |
3.02 (0.08) |
Married |
21 (41.2) |
30 (58.8) |
27 (52.9) |
24 (47.1) |
|
Educational level (program) |
Associate degree |
20 (51.3) |
19 (48.7) |
9.66 (0.46) |
25 (64.1) |
14 (35.9) |
8.33 (0.08) |
Bachelor’s |
95 (32.1) |
201 (67.9) |
203 (68.6) |
93 (31.4) |
Medical doctorate |
38 (25.9) |
109 (74.1) |
82 (55.8) |
65 (44.2) |
Master’s |
6 (40) |
9 (60) |
9 (60) |
6 (40) |
Ph.D. |
1 (33.3) |
2 (66.7) |
1 (33.3) |
2 (66.7) |
Table 3Comparison of mean scores of lifestyle variables in terms of self-efficacy and well-being categories.
Variables |
Self-efficacy |
Well-being |
Low |
High |
t (p) |
Normal |
Non-normal |
t (p) |
Age (y) |
21.99 ± 2.9 |
21.69 ± 2.58 |
1.15 (0.249) |
21.69 ± 2.49 |
21.96 ± 2.99 |
−1.10 (0.274) |
Semester |
4.14 ± 2.29 |
4.33 ± 2.53 |
−0.859 (0.391) |
4.36 ± 2.53 |
4.11 ± 2.32 |
1.12 (0.273) |
Well-being |
12.68 ± 5.80 |
14.57 ± 5.48 |
−3.53 (0.001) |
- |
- |
- |
Health-promoting lifestyle |
125.20 ± 22.11 |
128.53 ± 18.53 |
−1.65 (0.10) |
131.73 ± 19.57 |
119.89 ± 17.85 |
6.70 (0.001) |
Spiritual growth |
25.18 ± 5.14 |
28.37 ± 4.98 |
−6.62 (0.001) |
28.67 ± 4.90 |
25.01 ± 5.02 |
7.96 (0.001) |
Responsibility |
33.78 ± 7.23 |
34.19 ± 6.85 |
−0.614 (0.540) |
35.07 ± 6.97 |
32.26 ± 6.61 |
4.41 (0.001) |
Interpersonal relations |
20.68 ± 4.28 |
22.01 ± 3.66 |
−3.39 (0.001) |
22.31 ± 3.84 |
20.30 ± 3.71 |
5.68 (0.001) |
Stress management |
11.91 ± 2.84 |
11.64 ± 2.53 |
0.995 (0.32) |
12.13 ± 2.68 |
11.01 ± 2.39 |
4.66 (0.001) |
Physical activity |
14.85 ± 5.05 |
13.75 ± 4.87 |
2.33 (0.02) |
14.48 ± 5.05 |
13.42 ± 4.72 |
2.31 (0.02) |
Nutrition |
18.81 ± 4.77 |
18.57 ± 3.82 |
0.548 (0.584) |
19.07 ± 4.22 |
17.89 ± 3.90 |
3.07 (0.002) |
Self-efficacy |
- |
- |
- |
61.88 ± 8.46 |
58.62 ± 8.50 |
4.13 (0.001) |
Table 4Backward regression model for factors related to students’ lifestyle.
Variables |
Coefficient |
SE |
Standardized coefficient |
Z |
p
|
Age (y) |
0.87 |
0.317 |
0.118 |
2.74 |
0.006 |
Gender |
−5.04 |
1.684 |
−0.125 |
−2.99 |
0.003 |
Educational level |
−2.73 |
1.261 |
−0.094 |
−2.17 |
0.031 |
Place of residence |
3.10 |
1.166 |
0.112 |
2.66 |
0.008 |
Economic activity |
−3.73 |
2.179 |
−0.074 |
−1.71 |
0.087 |
Self-efficacy |
0.29 |
0.095 |
0.128 |
3.09 |
0.002 |
Well-being |
1.11 |
0.145 |
0.317 |
7.65 |
< 0.001 |