Objectives
A fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to control and eliminate tuberculosis (TB). In Korea, TB continues to be a serious public health problem. In this study, diagnostic tests on clinical samples from patients suspected to have TB were performed and the sensitivity and specificity of the various techniques were compared. The main objective of the study was to compare various diagnostic tests and evaluate their sensitivity and specificity for detecting tuberculosis. Methods
From January 2013 to December 2013, 170,240 clinical samples from patients suspected to have TB were tested with smear microscopy, acid-fast bacilli culture, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The test results were compared and data were analyzed. Results
A total of 8216 cultures tested positive for TB (positive detection rate, 4.8%). The contamination rate in the culture was 0.6% and the isolation rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria was 1.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of smear microscopy were 56.8% and 99.6%, respectively. The concordance rate between the solid and liquid cultures was 92.8%. Mycobacterium isolates were not detected in 0.4% of the cases in the liquid culture, whereas no Mycobacterium isolates were detected in 6.8% of the cases in the solid culture. The sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR for the solid culture were 97.2% and 72.4%, respectively, whereas the corresponding data for the liquid culture were 93.5% and 97.2%. Conclusion
The study results can be used to improve existing TB diagnosis procedure as well as for comparing the effectiveness of the assay tests used for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The Xpert® MTB/RIF diagnostic test for pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients: Benefits and experiences over 2 years in different clinical contexts Ana Paula de Oliveira Tomaz, Sonia Mara Raboni, Gislene Maria Botão Kussen, Keite da Silva Nogueira, Clea Elisa Lopes Ribeiro, Libera Maria Dalla Costa, Padmapriya P. Banada PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0247185. CrossRef
Comparative performance of the laboratory assays used by a Diagnostic Laboratory Hub for opportunistic infections in people living with HIV Narda Medina, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Danicela Mercado, Oscar Bonilla, Juan C. Pérez, Luis Aguirre, Blanca Samayoa, Eduardo Arathoon, David W. Denning, Juan Luis Rodriguez-Tudela AIDS.2020; 34(11): 1625. CrossRef
Multiplex PCR is a Rapid, Simple and Cheap Method for Direct Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis from Sputum Samples Tarig M.S. Alnour, Faisel Abuduhier , Mohammed Khatatneh , Fahad Albalawi , Khalid Alfifi , Bernard Silvala Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets .2020; 20(4): 495. CrossRef
Naked eye detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by recombinase polymerase amplification—SYBR green I assays Nuntita Singpanomchai, Yukihiro Akeda, Kazunori Tomono, Aki Tamaru, Pitak Santanirand, Panan Ratthawongjirakul Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Retropharyngeal SOL: An unusual presentation of a multifaceted entity Poojan Agarwal, Manju Kaushal, Shruti Dogra, Ankur Gupta, Nishi Sharma CytoJournal.2018; 15: 12. CrossRef
Rapid Detection of Rifampicin- and Isoniazid-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Davood Darban-Sarokhalil, Mohammad J. Nasiri, Abbas A.I. Fooladi, Parvin Heidarieh, Mohammad M. Feizabadi Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2016; 7(2): 127. CrossRef
Port site infection in laparoscopic surgery: A review of its management Prakash K Sasmal World Journal of Clinical Cases.2015; 3(10): 864. CrossRef
Objectives
Our previous longitudinal multicenter-based carriage study showed that the average carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 16.8% in 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school in Seoul, Korea. We assessed serotype-specific prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among colonizing pneumococcal isolates from young children in the era of low use of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Methods
Serotypes were determined by an agglutination test with specific antisera or by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed with broth microdilution in Korean 96-well panels from Dade-MicroScan (Sacramento, CA, USA). Results
Pneumococcal colonization patterns were dynamic and longterm persistent carriage was rare, which indicated a sequential turnover of pneumococcal strains. Of the 369 pneumococci (except for 23 killed isolates), 129 (34.9%) isolates were PCV7 vaccine serotypes (VTs); 213 (57.8%) isolates were nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs); and the remaining 27 (7.2%) isolates were nontypable (NT). The highest rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in VTs (86.0%; 111/129 isolates) and NVTs (70.0%; 149/213 isolates). Conclusion
This study overall showed the frequent carriage of VTs and NVTs with MDR in healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school. Efforts should be directed toward reducing the extensive prescription of antibiotics and using new broader vaccines to reduce the expansion of MDR strains of NVTs in our community.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Characterization of Pneumococcal Colonization Dynamics and Antimicrobial Resistance Using Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing in Intensively Sampled South African Infants Rendani I. Manenzhe, Felix S. Dube, Meredith Wright, Katie Lennard, Stephanie Mounaud, Stephanie W. Lo, Heather J. Zar, William C. Nierman, Mark P. Nicol, Clinton Moodley Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Encouraging rational antibiotic use in childhood pneumonia: a focus on Vietnam and the Western Pacific Region Nguyen T. K. Phuong, Tran T. Hoang, Pham H. Van, Lolyta Tu, Stephen M. Graham, Ben J. Marais Pneumonia.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Burden of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens in school children of Nepal Sangita Thapa, Shishir Gokhale, Annavarapu Laxminarasimha Sharma, Lokendra Bahadur Sapkota, Shamshul Ansari, Rajendra Gautam, Sony Shrestha, Puja Neopane BMJ Open Respiratory Research.2017; 4(1): e000203. CrossRef
Bacterial Density, Serotype Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Pneumococcal Strains from the Nasopharynx of Peruvian Children Before and After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 7 Christiane R. Hanke, Carlos G. Grijalva, Sopio Chochua, Mathias W. Pletz, Claudia Hornberg, Kathryn M. Edwards, Marie R. Griffin, Hector Verastegui, Ana I. Gil, Claudio F. Lanata, Keith P. Klugman, Jorge E. Vidal Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.2016; 35(4): 432. CrossRef
Objectives
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) was recently reported as a major diarrheagenic pathogen in infant and adult travelers, both in developing and developed countries. EAEC strains are known to be highly resistant to antibiotics including quinolones. Therefore in this study we have determined the various mechanisms of quinolone resistance in EAEC strains isolated in Korea. Methods
For 26 EAEC strains highly resistant to fluoroquinolone, minimal inhibitory concentrations for fluoroquinolones were determined, mutations in the quinolone target genes were identified by PCR and sequencing, the presence of transferable quinolone resistance mechanism were identified by PCR, and the contribution of the efflux pump was determined by synergy tests using a proton pump inhibitor. The expression levels of efflux pump-related genes were identified by relative quantification using real-time PCR. Results
Apart from two, all tested isolates had common mutations on GyrA (Ser83Leu and Ser87Gly) and ParC (Ser80Gln). Isolates EACR24 and EACR39 had mutations that have not been reported previously: Ala81Pro in ParC and Arg157Gly in GyrA, respectively. Increased susceptibility of all the tested isolates to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in the presence of the pump inhibitor implies that efflux pumps contributed to the resistance against fluoroquinolones. Expression of the efflux pump-related genes, tolC, mdfA, and ydhE, were induced in isolates EACR 07, EACR 29, and EACR 33 in the presence of ciprofloxacin. Conclusion
These results indicate that quinolone resistance of EAEC strains mainly results from the combination of mutations in the target enzyme and an increased expression of efflux pump-related genes. The mutations Ala81Pro in ParC and Arg157Gly in GyrA have not been reported previously the exact influence of these mutations should be investigated further.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Pathovars, occurrence, and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in diarrheal Escherichia coli isolated from farmers and farmed chickens in Tunisia and Nigeria Nazek AL-GALLAS, Mohamed-Elamen Fadel, Khadijah A Altammar, Yasmin Awadi, Ridha Ben Aissa Letters in Applied Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Food-borne Outbreaks in Gyeonggi-do, Korea So-Jung Park, Il-Hyung Jeong, Sun-Mok Kwon, Eun-Seon Hur, Kyung-Ja Kang, Ju-Hee Kwon, Bum-Ho Kim, Yong-Bae Park Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(2): 155. CrossRef
Detection of gyrA and parC Mutations and Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Sawsan Mohammed Kareem, Israa MS Al-kadmy, Saba S Kazaal, Alaa N Mohammed Ali, Sarah Naji Aziz, Rabab R Makharita, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Salim Al-Rejaie, Tapan Behl, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Mohamed A El-Mokhtar, Helal F Hetta Infection and Drug Resistance.2021; Volume 14: 555. CrossRef
Fluoroquinolone-Transition Metal Complexes: A Strategy to Overcome Bacterial Resistance Mariana Ferreira, Paula Gameiro Microorganisms.2021; 9(7): 1506. CrossRef
Frequency of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections in Azerbaijan, Iran Robab Azargun, Mohammad Hossein Soroush Barhaghi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Mahin Ahangar Oskouee, Vahid Sadeghi, Mohammad Yousef Memar, Reza Ghotaslou Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance.2019; 17: 39. CrossRef
Evaluating the efficacy of an algae-based treatment to mitigate elicitation of antibiotic resistance Kassandra L. Grimes, Laura J. Dunphy, Erica M. Loudermilk, A. Jasmin Melara, Glynis L. Kolling, Jason A. Papin, Lisa M. Colosi Chemosphere.2019; 237: 124421. CrossRef
Resistance mechanisms ofHelicobacter pyloriand its dual target precise therapy Yuehua Gong, Yuan Yuan Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2018; 44(3): 371. CrossRef
E. coli Group 1 Capsular Polysaccharide Exportation Nanomachinary as a Plausible Antivirulence Target in the Perspective of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance Shivangi Sachdeva, Raghuvamsi V. Palur, Karpagam U. Sudhakar, Thenmalarchelvi Rathinavelan Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Different Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes Responsible for Complicated, Noncomplicated, and Traveler's Diarrhea Cases Silvia Herrera-León, María Teresa Llorente, Sergio Sánchez Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2016; 60(3): 1950. CrossRef
Determinants of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli causing community-acquired urinary tract infection in Bejaia, Algeria Yanat Betitra, Vinuesa Teresa, Viñas Miguel, Touati Abdelaziz Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2014; 7(6): 462. CrossRef
Objectives
We aimed at evaluating the virulence of atypical Shigella flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) by DNA microarray and invasion assay. Methods
We used a customized S. flexneri DNA microarray to analyze an atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) gene expression profile and compared it with that of the S. flexneri 2b strain. Results
Approximately one-quarter of the atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) strain genes showed significantly altered expression profiles; 344 genes were more than two-fold upregulated, and 442 genes were more than 0.5-fold downregulated. The upregulated genes were divided into the category of 21 clusters of orthologous groups (COGs), and the “not in COGs” category included 170 genes. This category had virulence plasmid genes, including the ipa-mxi-spa genes required for invasion of colorectal epithelium (type III secretion system). Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results also showed the same pattern in two more atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) strains. Atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) showed four times increased invasion activity in Caco-2 cells than that of typical strains. Conclusion
Our results provide the intracellularly regulated genes that may be important for adaptation and growth strategies of this atypical S. flexneri.
In this study, we measured the drug resistance conferred by mdfA mutations in two Shigella flexneri strains. A mutant in mdfA genes was constructed by polymerase chain reaction–based, one-step inactivation of chromosomal genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility of parent and mutant strains to fluoroquinolones was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs). The △mdfA mutants were somewhat more susceptible to fluoroquinolones than the parent strains. The low level changes in MICs of the △mdfA mutants suggest that mdfA contributed the fluoroquinolone resistance in S flexneri. This finding found that the increased expression level of an MdfA efflux pump mediated fluoroquinolone resistance, but it is not likely a major effecter of higher resistance levels.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Mechanisms of resistance and decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in Shigella Zohreh Ghalavand, Parisa Behruznia, Mansoor Kodori, Hamed Afkhami, Elham Isaei, Foroogh Neamati, Solmaz Mahmoodzadeh Poornaki Gene Reports.2024; 37: 102011. CrossRef
Comparative genomics analysis of Raoultella planticola S25 isolated from duck in China, with florfenicol resistance Yabo Liu, Fei Wu, Qing Chen, Yuanyuan Ying, Yi Jiang, Junwan Lu, Xi Lin, Kewei Li, Teng Xu, Qiyu Bao, Liyan Ni Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectiou.2020; 68: 101398. CrossRef
Efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria in brief Ibtesam Ghadban Auda, Istabreq M. Ali Salman, Jameelah Gh. Odah Gene Reports.2020; 20: 100666. CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of a Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain R46 Isolated from a Rabbit Fei Wu, Yuanyuan Ying, Min Yin, Yi Jiang, Chongyang Wu, Changrui Qian, Qianqian Chen, Kai Shen, Cong Cheng, Licheng Zhu, Kewei Li, Teng Xu, Qiyu Bao, Junwan Lu International Journal of Genomics.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Emergence of antibiotic resistant Shigella species: A matter of concern Minakshi Puzari, Mohan Sharma, Pankaj Chetia Journal of Infection and Public Health.2018; 11(4): 451. CrossRef
Update on:Shigellanew serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance D.P. Muthuirulandi Sethuvel, N.K. Devanga Ragupathi, S. Anandan, B. Veeraraghavan Letters in Applied Microbiology.2017; 64(1): 8. CrossRef
The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Xian-Zhi Li, Patrick Plésiat, Hiroshi Nikaido Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2015; 28(2): 337. CrossRef
Anti-Bacillusand Anti-ShigellaActivities of the Essential Oil fromPerilla fruescensvar.japonicaHara H. Lim, S. Shin Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants.2014; 17(2): 309. CrossRef
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea. Methods E. coli isolates (n = 428) were obtained from fecal samples of apparently healthy volunteers and hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Susceptibility patterns of isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined by agar disc diffusion. Results
Most E. coli isolates exhibited less than 10% resistance against imipenem, cefotetan, aztreonam, cefepime, cefoxitin, amikacin and netilamicin, although greater than 65% were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. No significant difference in resistance rates for all tested antibiotics was found between isolates from the healthy-and diarrheal-patient groups, including for multi-drug resistance (p = 0.22). The highest number of resistant antibiotics was 12 antibiotics. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among the sex and age strata for isolates from healthy individuals. However, antibiotic resistance rates to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, amikacin, and netilamicin were significantly higher in the isolates of men than those of women (p < 0.05) in isolates from patients with diarrhea. Furthermore, isolates from patients with diarrhea older than 40-years of age showed higher resistance to cefepime and aztreonam (p < 0.05). Conclusion
High resistance to the antibiotics most frequently prescribed for diarrhea was found in isolates from patients with diarrhea and apparently healthy individuals without any significant difference.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals in Tunisia Salma Bessalah, John Morris Fairbrother, Imed Salhi, Ghyslaine Vanier, Touhami Khorchani, Mabrouk-Mouldi Seddik, Mohamed Hammadi Animal Biotechnology.2021; 32(6): 748. CrossRef
Research note: Occurrence ofmcr-encoded colistin resistance inEscherichia colifrom pigs and pig farm workers in Vietnam Son Thi Thanh Dang, Duong Thi Quy Truong, John Elmerdahl Olsen, Nhat Thi Tran, Giang Thi Huong Truong, Hue Thi Kim Vu, Anders Dalsgaard FEMS Microbes.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Multidrug-resistant bacteria as intestinal colonizers and evolution of intestinal colonization in healthy university students in Portugal Raquel Mota, Marisa Pinto, Josman Palmeira, Daniela Gonçalves, Helena Ferreira
Access Microbiology
.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors on Microbial Ecology and Sanitary Threat in the Final Stretch of the Brda River Łukasz Kubera, Marta Małecka-Adamowicz, Emilia Jankowiak, Ewa Dembowska, Piotr Perliński, Karolina Hejze Water.2019; 11(5): 922. CrossRef
Comparison of Commensal Escherichia coli Isolates from Adults and Young Children in Lubuskie Province, Poland: Virulence Potential, Phylogeny and Antimicrobial Resistance Ewa Bok, Justyna Mazurek, Andrzej Myc, Michał Stosik, Magdalena Wojciech, Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik International Journal of Environmental Research an.2018; 15(4): 617. CrossRef
PHENOTYPIC DETECTION OF AMPC β-LACTAMASE ENZYME IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI Khanda Anoar, Sherko Omer, Bayan Majid, Hero Rahim, Shno Muhammed JOURNAL OF SULAIMANI MEDICAL COLLEGE.2018; 8(2): 57. CrossRef
Antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Phuong Hoai HOANG, Sharda Prasad AWASTHI, Phuc DO NGUYEN, Ngan Ly Hoang NGUYEN, Dao Thi Anh NGUYEN, Ninh Hoang LE, Chinh VAN DANG, Atsushi HINENOYA, Shinji YAMASAKI Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2017; 79(3): 479. CrossRef
Characterization of enteropathogenicEscherichia coliof clinical origin from the pediatric population in Pakistan Mahwish Younas, Fariha Siddiqui, Zobia Noreen, Syeda Sadia Bokhari, Oscar G. Gomez-Duarte, Brendan W. Wren, Habib Bokhari Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medi.2016; 110(7): 414. CrossRef
Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(3): 156. CrossRef
Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Fishery Workers Hyun-Ho Shin, Seung-Hak Cho Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 72. CrossRef
The Road Less Traveled Chaeshin Chu Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2011; 2(1): 1. CrossRef
Objectives
To characterise the genetic and serological diversity of pathogenic Escherichia coli, we tested 111 E coli strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. Methods
The isolates were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and slide agglutination method for the detection of virulence genes and serotypes, respectively. To compare the expression of Shiga toxin (stx)-1 and stx2 genes, real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and rapid exprssion assay, reversed-passive latex agglutination, were performed. Results
Forty-nine Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) strains and 62 non-STEC strains, including 20 enteropathogenic E coli, 20 enterotoxigenic E coli, 20 enteroaggregative E coli, and 2 enteroinvasive E coli were randomly chosen from the strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. PCR analysis indicated that locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, that is, eaeA, espADB, and tir genes were present in STEC, enteropathogenic E coli, and enteroinvasive E coli. Quorum sensing-related gene luxS was detected in most of pathogenic E coli strains. Major serotypes of the STEC strains were O157 (26%) and O26 (20%), whereas the non-STEC strains possessed various serotypes. Especially, all the strains with serotype O157 carried stx2 and the tested virulence factors. Of the STEC strains, the data of real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and reversed-passive latex agglutination tests showed that messenger RNA- and protein expression of stx2 gene were higher than those of stx1 gene. Conclusion
Our results provide the epidemiological information regarding the trend of STEC and non-STEC infections in the general population and show the fundamental data in association of serotypes with virulence genes in diarrhoeagenic E coli strains from Korea.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Comparative Analysis of Human and Animal E. coli: Serotyping, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Gene Profiling Mahmoud M. Bendary, Marwa I. Abdel-Hamid, Walaa A. Alshareef, Hanan M. Alshareef, Rasha A. Mosbah, Nasreen N. Omar, Mohammad M. Al-Sanea, Majid Alhomrani, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Walaa H. Moustafa Antibiotics.2022; 11(5): 552. CrossRef
Antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 improves in vitro cellular viability and reduces pro-inflammatory effects induced by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in Caco-2 cells by inhibiting invasion and virulence factors’ expression Alessandra Fusco, Vittoria Savio, Brunella Perfetto, Roberto Mattina, Giovanna Donnarumma Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution of Pathogenicity Island Markers and H-Antigen Types of Escherichia coli O25b/ST131 Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran Masoumeh Rasoulinasab, Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi, Bahram Nikmanesh, Azade Hajihasani, Shahram Sabeti, Mohammad Mehdi Aslani Microbial Drug Resistance.2021; 27(3): 369. CrossRef
Development and validation of a predictive model for pathogenic Escherichia coli in fresh‐cut produce You Jin Kim, Ju Yeon Park, Soo Hwan Suh, Mi‐Gyeong Kim, Hyo‐Sun Kwak, Soon Han Kim, Eun Jeong Heo Food Science & Nutrition.2021; 9(12): 6866. CrossRef
Occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercially available fresh vegetable products in Korea Hyun Jung Kim, Minseon Koo, A-Ram Jeong, Seung-Youb Baek, Joon-Il Cho, Soon-Ho Lee, In-Gyun Hwang Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biologic.2014; 57(3): 367. CrossRef