<sec>
<b>Objectives</b>
<p>Vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus are essential in providing immunity against these bacterial infections. The potency of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccines can be measured using the in vivo toxin neutralization assay. The limit of potency of this assay was determined only for children. Therefore, we assessed the potency of adult vaccines using this assay to identify the feasibility of limit for adult vaccines.</p></sec>
<sec>
<b>Methods</b>
<p>Fifteen lots of tetanus-reduced diphtheria and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines were used. In vivo toxin neutralization and lethal challenge assays were conducted on each vaccine to calculate the potencies of the toxoids. National reference standards for toxins and antitoxins were used for in vivo toxin neutralization assay.</p></sec>
<sec>
<b>Results</b>
<p>All 15 lots satisfied the limits of potency for lethal challenge assay. The potency of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids exceeded 1 and 8 units/mL, respectively, for in vivo toxin neutralization assay.</p></sec>
<sec>
<b>Conclusion</b>
<p>Although additional studies are required for new assays and limits, the current level of potency for adult vaccines as determined by in vivo toxin neutralization assay, was demonstrated in this study. Such efforts to improve assays are expected to promote the development of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines for adults and to contribute to vaccine self-sufficiency.</p></sec>
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Discovery and development of COVID‐19 vaccine from laboratory to clinic Venkatesan Saravanan, Bharath Kumar Chagaleti, Pavithra Lakshmi Narayanan, Vijay Babu Anandan, Haritha Manoharan, G.V. Anjana, Ramalingam Peraman, S. Karthik Raja Namasivayam, M. Kavisri, Jesu Arockiaraj, Kathiravan Muthu Kumaradoss, Meivelu Moovendhan Chemical Biology & Drug Design.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishment of the 2nd National Reference Standard for Diphtheria toxin in Korea
So Young Kim, Jinwoong Lee, Sol Jeon, Su Jung An, In yeong Hwang, Jae Hoon Moon, Jong Kwan Park, Taeseung Yang, Jaewoon Son, Daegeun Kim, Jeongwon Jang, Seulgi Park, Eun Ah Choi, Jin Kyu Kim, Jin Tae Hong, Jong Won Kim Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2021; 51(4): 1. CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
To estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence using HIV avidity assays in Korea, we established a serological testing method to differentiate recent HIV infections from long-standing ones.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
We adopted two incidence assays, the BED HIV-1 incidence test (Calypte Biomedical) and an HIV avidity assay (using Abbott AxSYM HIV Antigen/Antibody Combo), and performed them on Korean HIV samples obtained from 81 HIV seroconverters (<i>n</i> = 193), 135 HIV-positive samples, and three HIV commercial incidence panels (PRB965, PRB933, and PRB601 from SeaCare). To determine the most optimal concentration of the chaotropic agent (Guanidine) and the cutoff value for the avidity assay, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the assay at different concentration levels.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
We determined that the concentration of Guanidine to be used in the avidity assay was 1.5M. The cutoff value of the avidity index (AI) was 0.8, and the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% and 83.8%, respectively, under this condition. The gray zone for the avidity assay was 0.75–0.85 AI. The mean of coefficient of variation was low, at 5.43%.<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
An optimized avidity assay for the diagnosis of recent HIV infections using Korean samples was established. This assay will be applied to investigate the level of recent infection and will provide basic data to the HIV prevention policy in Korea.
Citations
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Characteristics of recent HIV infection among individuals newly diagnosed as HIV-positive in South Korea (2008–2015) Myeongsu Yoo, Jin-Sook Wang, Su-Jin Park, Jeong-ok Cha, Yoonhee Jung, Yoon-Seok Chung, Myung Guk Han, Byeong-Sun Choi, Sung-Soon Kim, Mee-Kyung Kee Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
Measurement of the incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is very important for epidemiological studies. Here, we determined the recency period with the AxSYM avidity assay and the BED-capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) in Korean seroconverters.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
Two hundred longitudinal specimens from 81 seroconverters with incident HIV infections that had been collected at the Korea National Institute of Health were subjected to the AxSYM avidity assay (cutoff = 0.8) and BED-CEIA (cutoff = 0.8). The statistical method used to estimate the recency period in recent HIV infections was nonparametric survival analyses. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for 10-day increments from 120 days to 230 days to determine the recency period.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
The mean recency period of the avidity assay and BED-CEIA using a survival method was 158 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 135–181 days] and 189 days (95% CI, 170–208 days), respectively. Based on the use of sensitivity and specificity, the mean recency period for the avidity assay and BED-CEIA was 150 days and 200 days, respectively.<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
We determined the recency period to estimate HIV incidence in Korea. These data showed that the nonparametric survival analysis often led to shorter recency periods than analysis of sensitivity and specificity as a new method. These findings suggest that more data from seroconverters and other methodologies are needed to determine the recency period for estimating HIV incidence.
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Western Blot-Based Logistic Regression Model for the Identification of Recent HIV-1 Infection: A Promising HIV-1 Surveillance Approach for Resource-Limited Regions Jiegang Huang, Minlian Wang, Chunyuan Huang, Bingyu Liang, Junjun Jiang, Chuanyi Ning, Ning Zang, Hui Chen, Jie Liu, Rongfeng Chen, Yanyan Liao, Li Ye, Hao Liang BioMed Research International.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
From the introduction of HIV into the Republic of Korea in 1985 through 2012, 9,410 HIV-infected Koreans have been identified. Since 2000, there has been a sharp increase in newly diagnosed HIV-infected Koreans. It is necessary to estimate the changes in HIV infection to plan budgets and to modify HIV/AIDS prevention policy. We constructed autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast the number of HIV infections from 2013 to 2017.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
HIV infection data from 1985 to 2012 were used to fit ARIMA models. Akaike Information Criterion and Schwartz Bayesian Criterion statistics were used to evaluate the constructed models. Estimation was via the maximum likelihood method. To assess the validity of the proposed models, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between the number of observed and fitted HIV infections from 1985 to 2012 was calculated. Finally, the fitted ARIMA models were used to forecast the number of HIV infections from 2013 to 2017.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
The fitted number of HIV infections was calculated by optimum ARIMA (2,2,1) model from 1985–2012. The fitted number was similar to the observed number of HIV infections, with a MAPE of 13.7%. The forecasted number of new HIV infections in 2013 was 962 (95% confidence interval (CI): 889–1,036) and in 2017 was 1,111 (95% CI: 805–1,418). The forecasted cumulative number of HIV infections in 2013 was 10,372 (95% CI: 10,308–10,437) and in 2017 was14,724 (95% CI: 13,893–15,555) by ARIMA (1,2,3).<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
Based on the forecast of the number of newly diagnosed HIV infections and the current cumulative number of HIV infections, the cumulative number of HIV-infected Koreans in 2017 would reach about 15,000.
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Changing Patterns of HIV Epidemic in 30 Years in East Asia S. Pilar Suguimoto, Teeranee Techasrivichien, Patou Masika Musumari, Christina El-saaidi, Bhekumusa Wellington Lukhele, Masako Ono-Kihara, Masahiro Kihara Current HIV/AIDS Reports.2014; 11(2): 134. CrossRef
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<b>Objectives</b><br/>
The Korea HIV/AIDS cohort was constructed with 18 hospitals that care for HIV-infected individuals in 2006. We compared the epidemiological and immunological characteristics of the cohort registrants with those of the HIVinfected population at the time of HIV diagnosis.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
This study was conducted on 5717 people living with HIV/AIDS from 1985 to 2009, of which 789 individuals registered with the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study. Individuals who had data from initial CD4+ T-cell counts measured within 6 months following HIV diagnosis were selected as study participants to predict the status of disease progression at the time of HIV diagnosis. A total of 2886 patients (50%) were selected from people living with HIV/AIDS, of whom 424 individuals (54%) were cohort registrants. The χ<sup>2</sup> test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for analysis.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
The distributions of age, marital status, diagnosed regions, reason for HIV testing, and screening site were similar between the HIV-infected population and the cohort registrants. In 1985–2004, the male ratio for the cohort registrants (94.3%) was significantly higher than that measured for the HIV-infected population (89.5%) (<i>p</i> = 0.0339). With regard to transmission route, homosexual contact of cohort registrants (46.6%) was higher than that of the HIV-infected population (40.1%) (<i>p</i> = 0.022) in 2005–2009. No statistical difference in CD4+ T-cell counts at the time of HIV diagnosis was found between the HIVinfected population and cohort registrants (<i>p</i> = 0.2195).<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
The Korea HIV/AIDS cohort registrants represent the HIV-infected population, and the data collected from this cohort could be used as a foundation for national statistics.
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Changing Patterns of HIV Epidemic in 30 Years in East Asia S. Pilar Suguimoto, Teeranee Techasrivichien, Patou Masika Musumari, Christina El-saaidi, Bhekumusa Wellington Lukhele, Masako Ono-Kihara, Masahiro Kihara Current HIV/AIDS Reports.2014; 11(2): 134. CrossRef
Can Stigma Still Distort the Spectrum of a Disease? Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2012; 3(2): 65. CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
HIV is able to continuously adapt to and evade the evolving neutralizing antibody responses of the host. We investigated the ability of HIV variants to evade neutralizing antibodies in order to understand the distinct characteristics of HIV-1 Korean clade B.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
Three drug-naive subjects were enrolled in this study who were infected with HIV-1 Korean clade B. Neutralizations were performed using autologous plasma and pseudovirion-based assays in order to analyze and compare changes in the <i>env</i> gene.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
In the early phase of infection, neutralizing activities against autologous virus variants gradually increased, which was followed by a decline in the humoral immune response against the subsequent viral escape variants. The amino acids lengths and number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in HIV-1 <i>env</i> gene was positively correlated with neutralized antibody responses during the early stages of infection.<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
This study suggests that change within the <i>env</i> domains over the course of infection influences reactivities to neutralized antibodies and may also have an impact on host immune responses. This is the first longitudinal study of HIV-1 humoral immunity that took place over the entire course of HIV-1 Korean clade B infection.
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Blockage of CD59 Function Restores Activities of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Antibodies in Triggering Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 Virions and Provirus-Activated Latently Infected Cells Kai Yang, Jie Lan, Nicole Shepherd, Ningjie Hu, Yanyan Xing, Daniel Byrd, Tohti Amet, Corlin Jewell, Samir Gupta, Carole Kounga, Jimin Gao, Qigui Yu, G. Silvestri Journal of Virology.2015; 89(18): 9393. CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
The incidence of anal disease is higher among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than among the general population. We surveyed the status of seroprevalence in colorectal hospitals in Korea.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
The survey was conducted in colorectal hospitals in Korea from November to December 2008. The questionnaire was comprised of six topics about the status of HIV testing in colorectal hospitals. We gathered the data by website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hivqa.nih.go.kr/risk">http://hivqa.nih.go.kr/risk</ext-link>) or fax.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
Among 774 colorectal hospitals contacted, 109 (14%) hospitals participated in the survey. Among these, 48 hospitals (44%) performed HIV tests in their own hospitals and 11 (23%) took HIV testing by rapid method. The main reason for recommending an HIV test was surgical operation (54%) followed by endoscope (11%) and health checkup (9%). The annual number of HIV tests increased from 58,647 (at 21 hospitals) in 2002 to 246,709 (at 58 hospitals) in 2007. HIV seroprevalence was >3.0 per 10,000 individuals during 2002–2005, decreased to 2.2 per 10,000 individuals in 2006 and rose to 2.8 per 10,000 individuals in 2007.<br/><b>Conclusions</b><br/>
HIV seroprevalence of colorectal hospitals was more than twice that of general hospitals in Korea. HIV surveillance systems based on colorectal hospitals for HIV/AIDS transmission prevention by early HIV diagnosis are needed.
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Discrimination and Stigma Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(3): 141. CrossRef
Hospital-based HIV/HSV-2 seroprevalence among male patients with anal disease in Korea: cross sectional study Jin-Sook Wang, Do Yeon Hwang, Hye-Kyung Yu, Sung Soon Kim, Jong Kyun Lee, Mee-Kyung Kee BMC Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Years of Epidemics (2009–2011): Pandemic Influenza and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Korea Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 125. CrossRef
What is Next for HIV/AIDS in Korea? Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(6): 291. CrossRef
<b>Objectives</b><br/>
Many natural compounds have been investigated as drug candidates to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with low cytotoxicity. We tested whether ingenol from <i>Euphorbia ingens</i> exerts anti-HIV effects in human T cell lines.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>and Results
Ingenol effectively maintained high cell viability (CD<sub>50</sub>, >1 mM) in H9 and MT4 T cells. The efficacy of ingenol to inhibit HIV-1 infection was dose dependent. ED<sub>50</sub> for 100 and 200 TCID<sub>50</sub> of HIV-1 was 5.06 and 16.87 μM, respectively. Gag p24 antigen production in ingenol-treated MT4 cells was reduced by 24.5% on day 6 post-infection. While p24 antigen was reduced in ingenol-treated cells, levels of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 and chemokines such as RANTES and MCP-1 were increased. dUTP level related to late apoptotic events was increased on day 2 post-infection of HIV by ingenol treatment, whereas expression of annexin V was unchanged. Reduced levels of iNOS and ZAP-70 after HIV infection were recovered by ingenol treatment.<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
Ingenol helps T cells to survive longer against viremia after HIV-1 infection, without exerting cytotoxic effects. Ingenol can be considered a safe and efficacious candidate for immune-boosting therapy for AIDS patients.
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Modified ingenol semi-synthetic derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli induce cytotoxicity on a large panel of human cancer cell lines Viviane A. O Silva, Marcela N. Rosa, Olga Martinho, Amilcar Tanuri, João Paulo Lima, Luiz F. Pianowski, Rui M. Reis Investigational New Drugs.2019; 37(5): 1029. CrossRef
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Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by new semi-synthetic ingenol esters Diego Pandeló José, Koen Bartholomeeusen, Rodrigo Delvecchio da Cunha, Celina Monteiro Abreu, Jan Glinski, Thais Barbizan Ferreira da Costa, Ana Flávia Mello Bacchi Rabay, Luiz Francisco Pianowski Filho, Lech W. Dudycz, Udaykumar Ranga, Boris Matija Peter Virology.2014; 462-463: 328. CrossRef
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<b>Objectives</b><br/>
In this study, the viral fitness of pseudo-viruses with a drug-resistant site in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the genome was investigated. The pseudo-viruses were derived from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-experienced HIV/AIDS patients.<br/><b>Methods</b><br/>
HIV-1 RNA was extracted from the plasma of HAART-experienced (KRB9149, KRB7021, KRC1097) and HAART-naïve (KRC5180, KRC5123) HIV-1 patients. The RT gene from the extracted viral RNA was amplified and the polymerase chain reaction product was cloned from the pHXB2Δ2-261 RT vector. C8166 and TZM-bl cell lines were used as the HIV-1 replication capacity measurement system. To quantify the infectivity of homologous recombinant HIV-1, the infectivity derived from each pseudo-virus was compared with the infectivity of the reference strain HXB2.<br/><b>Results</b><br/>
Patient-derived HIV-1 was cotransfected into C8166 cells and the expression level of the p24 antigen was measured. The expression was high in the HIV-1 isolates from patients KRC5180 and KRB9149 and low in patients KRB7021, KRC5123, and KRC1097, when compared with the reference strain. The infectivity of the pseudo-virus measured in TZM-bl cells decreased in the order, reference strain HXB2 > KRC5180 > KRC5123 > KRB9149 > KRB7021 > KRC1097.<br/><b>Conclusion</b><br/>
In this study, HIV-1 infectivity of the drug-resistant strain isolated from HAART-experienced patients with HIV/AIDS was found to be lower than the infectivity of the reference strain HXB2. This study provides useful data for the phenotypic susceptibility assay in HAART-experienced patients infected with HIV-1.
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Development and application of a high-titer VSV-based HCoV-NL63 pseudovirus system via C-terminal 14 amino acid truncation of spike Li-ting Shao, Ming-ming Wang, Yi-ming Wang, Tian Li, Fei Wang, Jie-rong Xin, Xin Zhang, Wei-guo Li, Xue-jun Wang, Sheng-qi Wang Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication.2025; 751: 151458. CrossRef
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