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PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

OPEN ACCESS. pISSN: 2210-9099. eISSN: 2233-6052

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"Prevalence"

Review Articles

The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alwin Issac, Kurvatteppa Halemani, Asha Shetty, Latha Thimmappa, VR Vijay, Kiranmayi Koni, Prabhaker Mishra, Vishwas Kapoor
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(1):3-27.
Published online February 10, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0286
The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objectives
The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD.
Methods
This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines.
Results
A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America. Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a meta-analysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus.
Conclusion
ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increased awareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge the prevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Citations

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    O. I. Gumenyuk, M. E. Lobanov, Yu. V. Chernenkov, O. S. Groznova, A. V. Vorozhtsova, S. V. Balashova
    Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2026; (6): 46.     CrossRef
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  • From Genetic Determinism to Epigenetic Regulation: Paradigm Shifts in the Understanding of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
    Ernesto Burgio, Annamaria Porru, Chiara Pettini, Ilaria Vaglini, Angelo Gemignani, Marco Pettini, Federica Fratini, Daniela Lucangeli
    Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2026; 48(2): 163.     CrossRef
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    Nazyar Khamenehei, Lyudmila V. Tokarskaya
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  • Effectiveness of a structured physiotherapy intervention on psychomotor and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomised controlled trial protocol
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    Rymkhanova Ainagul Rymbekovna, Turebayeva Klara Zhamanbaevna, Rakhmetova Anar Muratovna, Olexyuk Zaryana Yaroslavovna, Yakovenko Irina Valeryevna, Zhussupbekova Zamzagul Dostiarovna
    Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Researc.2025; 15(3): 61.     CrossRef
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    Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo, Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Elius Paz-Cruz, Ana Karina Zambrano
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    Pediatric Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Outcomes of Early Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening: Prevalence and Diagnostic Stability in a Decade-Long Cohort from Türkiye
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    Brain Sciences.2025; 16(1): 62.     CrossRef
  • 40,579 View
  • 1,314 Download
  • 45 Web of Science
  • Crossref
The prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, stimulant, khat, and cannabis use among school-going students in African and Arab countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chaimaa El Moubchiri, Mohamed Chahboune, Morad Guennouni, Abderraouf Hilali
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(1):28-41.
Published online December 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0204
The prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, stimulant, khat, and cannabis use among school-going students in African and Arab countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objectives
The objectives of this review and meta-analysis were twofold: first, to determine the prevalence of substance use among school-going children in Arab and African countries; and second, to highlight the considerable influence of variables such as the nation’s region and the timeframe of the study on the prevalence of substance use.
Methods
Research was sourced from Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Thirty-seven articles were incorporated in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. This review included studies published from 2013 to 2023. The statistical meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis ver. 3 software. Across 37 studies, the total number of study participants was 73,508.
Results
The meta-analysis revealed that tobacco was the most commonly used substance, with a prevalence of 16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.7%–20.02%). This was closely followed by alcohol, which had a prevalence of 15% (95% CI, 10.5%–22.8%), stimulants at 11.4% (95% CI, 7.4%–17%), khat at 10% (95% CI, 5.7%–15%), and cannabis at 8% (95% CI, 3.3%–18.4%). Notably, alcohol was the only substance that showed an increasing trend in prevalence from before to after 2019, rising from 13.3% (95% CI, 6.2%–26.1%) to 17% (95% CI, 10.2%–27%) (p<0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of substance use varied significantly between Arab and African countries (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Although the prevalence of substance use among school-going populations has significantly decreased over time, with the exception of alcohol, it is imperative that both African and Arab countries implement comprehensive measures and stringent laws to address the production and marketing of substances.
  • 9,686 View
  • 217 Download

Brief Report

Gender differences in hepatitis A seropositivity rates according to the Republic of Korea’s vaccination policy
Hyunjin Son, Sunhyun Ahn, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Unyeong Go, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(2):168-173.
Published online April 16, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0263
Gender differences in hepatitis A seropositivity rates according to the Republic of Korea’s vaccination policy
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate differences in the anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody seropositivity rate by age and gender. Methods: We collected information on anti-HAV immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M status from samples submitted for HAV antibody testing in 2012–2022. A total of 1,333,615 cases were included in the analysis. Results: By age, the seropositivity rate was represented by a U-shaped curve, such that the rate was low for the group aged 20 to 39 years and higher in those who were younger or older. Over time, the curve shifted rightward, and the seropositivity rate declined gradually in the group aged 35 to 39 years and older. A gender-based difference in antibody seropositivity rate was especially noticeable in the group aged 20 to 29 years. This difference between genders widened in the participants’ early 20s—when men in the Republic of Korea enlist in the military—and the divergence continued subsequently for older individuals. Conclusion: These results indicate a higher risk of severe infection among older individuals and a gender-based difference in seroprevalence. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to promote vaccination in adults.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Infectious Diseases in an Era of Climate Crisis: Emergence and Resurgence
    Gui Nam Wee, Sunju Kim, Kyuwon Shim, Soojin Jang
    Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2025; 51(6): 353.     CrossRef
  • Examining the changes in the prevalence of Hepatitis a in Türkiye: systematic review and metaanalysis
    Özge Karakaya Suzan, Murat Bektaş, Mustafa Altındiş, Özge Kaya, Ayşe Eroğlu, Serap Çetinkaya Özdemir, Seda Tecik, Ahmet Naci Emecen, Nursan Çınar
    BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,611 View
  • 88 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
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Review Article

Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Elham Kia Lashaki, Azadeh Mizani, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Bentolhoda Habibi, Khadijeh Taherkhani, Amir Javadi, AliReza Taremiha, Samira Dodangeh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(6):441-450.
Published online December 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0204
Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Parasitic infections are the most common diseases worldwide, and enterobiasis is a common parasitic infection in children. Various studies have reported on the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in different regions of the world. However, no study has gathered and analyzed this data systematically. Our systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis among children globally. Data were extracted from 4 available databases for studies published from January 2002 to April 2022. The quality of the included studies was scored based on the standard Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. A random-effect model was chosen to calculate the pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) according to the degree of heterogeneity in the included studies. Thus, 40 publications (42 data sets) that included 3,279 children with enterobiasis met all criteria and were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis showed that heterogeneity among the included studies was high (Q=4,399.35, I2=99.96%; df=41; p<0.001). The pooled global prevalence of enterobiasis among the studied children was 12.9% (95% CI, 8.2%–17.7%). Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that, for the past 20 years, 12.9% of children around the world have been infected with E. vermicularis.

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Original Articles

Prevalence and patterns of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria: a facility-based cross-sectional survey
Olorunfemi Akinbode Ogundele, Funmito Omolola Fehintola, Mubarak Salami, Rahmat Usidebhofoh, Mary Aderemi Abaekere
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(4):291-299.
Published online July 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0071
Prevalence and patterns of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria: a facility-based cross-sectional survey
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and pattern of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 mothers of children aged 0 to 24 months attending any of the 3 leading immunization clinics in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The respondents were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 26.0. The chi-square test was used to test associations, while binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of mothers’ responses to adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean age of the respondents was 29.99±5.74 years. About 38% of the children had experienced an AEFI. Most mothers believed that the pentavalent vaccine was the most common cause of AEFIs (67.5%). Fever (88.0%) and pain and swelling (76.0%) were the most common AEFIs. More than half of the mothers (53.7%) administered home treatment following an AEFI. Younger mothers (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–5.01), mothers who delivered their children at a healthcare facility (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.08–9.69), and mothers who were knowledgeable about reporting AEFIs (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.04–7.70) were most likely to respond appropriately to AEFIs.
Conclusion
The proportion of mothers who responded poorly to AEFIs experienced by their children was significant. Therefore, strategies should be implemented to improve mothers’ knowledge about AEFIs to improve their responses.

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Prevalence of Internet Addiction, Poor Sleep Quality, and Depressive Symptoms Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Aanchal Anant Awasthi, Neha Taneja, Sonam Maheshwari, Trisha Gupta, Bhavika
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2020;11(5):303-308.
Published online October 22, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.5.06
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>This objective of the study was to report the prevalence of internet addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress in undergraduate medical students.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 221 undergraduate medical students at Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Data pertaining to internet addiction, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms were also collected using validated and reliable questionnaires (Young Internet Addiction Test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21).</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The prevalence of poor sleep quality, severe anxiety, and severe depression was 33.9%, 7.3% and 3.6%, respectively. The place of residence was significantly associated (<italic>p</italic> = 0.006) with internet addiction. The mean Young Internet Addiction Test score was higher in students residing in hostels compared with students staying with families. Stress was associated with age. The mean stress score was higher in the age group 17–20 compared with the 21–24 age group. Stress and depression were independent predictors of sleep quality.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Quality sleep is the key for good health. Based on limited samples, this study showed that poor sleep quality was associated with stress and depression. Hence, continuous counselling is suggested for supporting students managing their stress and depression.</p></sec>

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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Obesity Levels in Korean Adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2015
Kwanjun Park, Sunmi Lim, Yoonhyung Park, Woong Ju, Yoonhee Shin, Hansol Yeom
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(4):150-159.
Published online August 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.03
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>The increase in the obesity rate in adult males in Korea is higher than countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and other Asian countries. We examined the trends and prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease by evaluating the weight status amongst adults from 2007 to 2015.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The study included 37,402 adults, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence trends of cardiovascular disease risk factors were estimated for each body mass index group.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>From 2007 to 2015, significant increases in the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were observed in normal weight adults (0.03 percentage point (%p), 0.06%p, and 0.13%p, respectively). Amongst the overweight and obese adults, a significant increase in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was observed, During this period, the prevalence of smoking decreased amongst obese adults and no significant changes in drinking habits and physical activity were noted across all body mass index groups.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The prevalence of obesity in Korean adults is increasing, and it is necessary to implement interventions to prevent further weight gain and obesity-associated cardiovascular disease.</p></sec>

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Seroprevalence of Toxocara in Children from Urban and Rural Areas of Ilam Province, West Iran
Sahar Shokouhi, Jahangir Abdi
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(3):101-104.
Published online June 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.3.03
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>The present study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of <italic>Toxocara</italic> in children ≤ 10 years old, from rural and urban areas of Ilam.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>Serum samples from 383 children ≤ 10 years old, were selected randomly from rural and urban areas of Ilam province and surveyed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The total rate of infection with <italic>Toxocara</italic> was 22% (31% with a history of contact with dogs and cats, and 14% without a history of contact). Of those infected, 23% were male and 18% were female, 36% lived a rural life and 20% had an urban life. A significant correlation was found between the incidence of disease, and urban and rural life, as well as exposure to dogs and cats. There was no correlation between prevalence and gender or age.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Given the high prevalence of infection with <italic>Toxocara</italic> amongst children in Ilam province, preventive work in the community such as education in risk management and periodic treatment with anti-parasitic drugs and elimination of stray dogs and cats is an appropriate measure.</p></sec>

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    Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Zhijun Yao, Pengju Li, Dong Wang, Haizhu Zhang, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang, Xiangrui Li
    Parasite.2020; 27: 30.     CrossRef
  • Status of human toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis in Iran: a systematic review from past to current
    Reza Shafiei, Mohammad T Rahimi, Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Mehdi Mirzaei, Gregorio Perez-Cordon, Ehsan Ahmadpour
    Tropical Doctor.2020; 50(4): 285.     CrossRef
  • 15,098 View
  • 119 Download
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Review Article

Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Children in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghasem Abedi, Mahdi Afshari, Seif Ali Mahdavi, Fereshteh Farshidi, Elham Kheradmand
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017;8(2):108-115.
Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.2.02
<sec><title>Objectives</title><p><italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> is a parasitic disease that is common in crowded areas such as schools and kindergartens. Primary investigations of electronic evidence have reported different prevalences of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> in Iran. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total prevalence of this infection among Iranian children using a meta-analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Relevant studies were identified in national and international databases. We selected eligible papers for meta-analysis after investigating titles, abstracts, and full texts; assessing study quality; and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data were extracted by two independent researchers. The results were combined using a random effects model in Stata v. 11 software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Among 19 eligible articles including 11,676 participants, the prevalences of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> among all children, boys, and girls were 1.2%–66.1%, 2.3%–65.5%, and 1.7%–65.5%, respectively. Pooled prevalences (95% confidence interval) of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> among all children, boys, and girls were 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), and 16.9% (9.03%–24.8%), respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>This meta-analysis showed that a great majority of Iranian children are infected with <italic>E. vermicularis</italic>, possibly due to poor public health.</p></sec>

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  • Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among children in Iran: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
    Elnaz Moussavi, Mohammad Houssaini, Nader Salari, Mahvan Hemmati, Ahmad Abdullahi, Ali Asghar Khaleghi, Shamarina Shohaimi, Masoud Mohammadi
    Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2023; 22: e00315.     CrossRef
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  • Assessment of the Serum Level of IL-1B, IL-2, and IL-10 in Children Infected with Enterobius vermicularis in Babylon Province
    Aseel Sekar Naji AL-Bairmani, Hayam Khalis Al-Masoudi
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  • The neglected role of Enterobius vermicularis in appendicitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Original Articles
Distribution of Antibodies Specific to the 19-kDa and 33-kDa Fragments of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Two Pathogenic Strains Infecting Korean Vivax Malaria Patients
Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Ui-Han Son, Su-Min Song, Hye Soo Yun, So-Young Joo, Dongmi Kwak, Man Hee Rhee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(4):213-219.
Published online August 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.05.006
Objectives
<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1) is the most intensively studied malaria vaccine candidate. Although high antibody response-inducing two C-terminal fragments of PvMSP1 (PvMSP1-19 and PvMSP1-42) are currently being developed as candidate malaria vaccine antigens, their high genetic diversity in various isolates is a major hurdle. The sequence polymorphism of PvMSP1 has been investigated; however, the humoral immune responses induced by different portions of this protein have not been evaluated in Korea.
Methods
Two fragments of PvMSP1 were selected for this study: (1) PvMSP1-19, which is genetically conserved; and (2) PvMSP1-33, which corresponds to a variable portion. For the latter, two representative strains, Sal 1 and Belem, were included. Thus, three recombinant proteins, PvMSP1-19, PvMSP1-33 Sal 1, and PvMSP1-33 Belem, were produced in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and then tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using sera from 221 patients with vivax malaria.
Results
Of the 221 samples, 198, 142, and 106 samples were seropositive for PvMSP1-19, PvMSP1-33 Sal 1, and PvMSP1-33 Belem, respectively. Although 100 samples were simultaneously seropositive for antibodies specific to all the recombinant proteins, 39 and six samples were respectively seropositive for antibodies specific to MSP1-33 Sal 1 and MSP1-33 Belem. Antibodies specific to PvMSP1-19 were the most prevalent.
Conclusion
Monitoring seroprevalence is essential for the selection of promising vaccine candidates as most of the antigenic proteins in <i>P. vivax</i> are highly polymorphic.

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  • Plasmodium vivax MSP1-42 kD Variant Proteins Detected Naturally Induced IgG Antibodies in Patients Regardless of the Infecting Parasite Phenotype in Mesoamerica
    Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron, Barbara Dema, Olga L. Palomeque-Culebro, Frida Santillan-Valenzuela, Alberto Montoya, Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
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    Alejandro Flores-Alanis, Lilia González-Cerón, Frida Santillán-Valenzuela, Cecilia Ximenez, Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista, Rene Cerritos
    Microorganisms.2022; 10(1): 186.     CrossRef
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    Xiang Ting Goh, Yvonne A.L. Lim, Ping Chin Lee, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Kek Heng Chua
    Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2021; 244: 111390.     CrossRef
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    Sanghyun Lee, Young-Ki Choi, Youn-Kyoung Goo
    Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Study on Seroprevalence and Leptospiral Antibody Distribution among High-risk Planters in Malaysia
J. Mohd Ridzuan, B.D. Aziah, W.M. Zahiruddin
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(3):168-171.
Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.006
Objectives
To determine the leptospirosis seroprevalence and to identify the predominant infecting serovars among oil palm plantation workers.
Methods
The cross-sectional study involved 350 asymptomatic oil palm plantation workers in Melaka and Johor. A serological test using the microscopic agglutination test was conducted in the Institute of Medical Research with a cut-off titre for seropositivity of ≥1:100.
Results
The overall seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies was 28.6%. The job category with the highest seroprevalence was the fruit collector with 59.2%. The predominant serovar identified was serovar Sarawak (Lepto 175) (62%).
Conclusion
A high seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies was detected among oil palm plantation workers and specifically among fruit collectors. The predominant infecting serovar among the workers was serovar Sarawak (Lepto 175). The findings suggest that more studies are needed to determine the reasons for the high seroprevalence and the transmission and pathogenicity of the local serovar Sarawak (Lepto 175).

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  • Development of a Mobile App (MyLepto App) to Improve Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Leptospirosis Among Wet Market Workers in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study
    Mas Norehan Merican Aljunid Merican, Zaleha Md Isa, Rozita Hod, Roszita Ibrahim, Zamtira Seman, Rusdi Abd Rashid
    JMIR Research Protocols.2026; 15: e75809.     CrossRef
  • Biological Hazards in Agricultural Work: A Scoping Review of Occupational and Environmental Health Challenges
    Nurul Syazwani Ahmad Sabri
    The Open Environmental Research Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Leptospirosis in humans and animals in Malaysia: A review from 1976 to 2023
    Joy Siang Xin Lea, Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan, Siew Shean Choong, Intan Noor Aina Kamaruzaman, Peck Toung Ooi, Sazaly AbuBakar, Shih Keng Loong, Mohammad Sabri Abdul Rahman
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  • Leptospira infection in bats in Vietnam
    Ekaterina V. Radyuk, Natalia V. Breneva, Sofia E. Budaeva, Marat T. Makenov, Olga А. Stukolova, Victoria P. Bulanenko, Lan Anh T. Le, Manh N. Dao, Chau V. Nguyen, Nga T. Bui Thi, Mo T. Luong, Tan N. Nguyen, Sergei V. Balakhonov, Lyudmila S. Karan
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  • Study on Seroprevalence and Leptospiral Antibody Distribution Among Livestock Breeders and Farmers in Golestan Province
    Malihe Naderi, Vahideh Hamidi Sofiani, Reza Hoseinpour, Amir Mohammad Alborzi, Seyed Amir Soltani
    Veterinary Medicine and Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    N. K. Tokarevich, O. V. Blinova
    Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity.2022; 12(6): 1019.     CrossRef
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    Van Dinh Tran, Le Thi Phuong Mai, Nguyen Thi Thu, Bui Kim Linh, Phan Dang Than, Nguyen Tu Quyet, Luu Phuong Dung, Tran Ngoc Phuong Mai, Nguyen Thi My Hanh, Hoang Hai, Tran Nhu Duong, Dang Duc Anh
    Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2021; 10: 100700.     CrossRef
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    José Dêvede da Silva, Maira Porto Viana, Lucas Gonzales Lima Pereira Calado, Ana Milena César Lima, Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves, Raimundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, Diego Figueiredo da Costa, Glaucenyra Cecília Pinheiro da Silva, Sérgio Santos de Azevedo, Cleb
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  • Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in an endemic mixed urban and semi-urban setting—A community-based study in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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    Bruno Ribeiro Rocha, Gabriel Martins, Walter Lilenbaum
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    Lesley Maurice Bilung, Chai Fung Pui, Ahmad Syatir Tahar, Kasing Apun, Lela Su`ut, Yee Ling Chong, Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan
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Gender-based Violence Among Pregnant Women of Syangja District, Nepal
Samjhana Gurung, Jeevan Acharya
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(2):101-107.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.010
Objectives
This study aims to determine prevalence of gender-based violence among pregnant women attending an antenatal care (ANC) clinic.
Methods
Between September 2014 and December 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 pregnant women attending the antenatal ward of the Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) of Syangja district, Nepal. The data were collected using semistructure questionnaires with face-to-face interviews. SPSS software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analysis the data.
Results
The prevalence rate of gender-based violence was found to be 91.1% (184). Most of the respondents (87%) faced economic violence followed by psychological (53.8%), sexual (41.8%), and physical (4.3%) violence. Women experienced: (1) psychological violence with most complaining of angry looks followed by jealousy or anger while talking with other men, insults using abusive language and neglect; (2) economic violence with most complaining of financial hardship, denial of basic needs and an insistence on knowing where respondents were and restricting them to parents' home or friends/relatives' houses (jealousy); (3) physical violence by slapping, pushing, shaking, or throwing something at her, twisting arm or pulling hair, and punching and kicking; and (4) sexual violence by physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse without consent, and hurting or causing injury to private parts. Most (100%) of the perpetrators were found to be husbands and mothers-in-law (10.7%) who violated them rarely.
Conclusion
The prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic was greater in the Syangja district of Nepal. Women's empowerment, economic autonomy, sensitization, informal or formal training regarding GBV for men and women, and the need for large-scale population-based surveys are the major recommendations of this study.

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    Sarah Raifman, Mahesh Puri, Jennet Arcara, Nadia Diamond-Smith
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    Joseph W. Jatta, Ararso Baru, Olufunmilayo I. Fawole, Oladosu A. Ojengbede, Yong-hui Dang
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    Preeti K. Mahato, Zoë A. Sheppard, Edwin van Teijlingen, Nisa De Souza
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    Annekathryn Goodman, Mithila Faruque, Rachel M. Clark
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Epidemiological Characterization of Skin Fungal Infections Between the Years 2006 and 2010 in Korea
Sang-Ha Kim, Seung-Hak Cho, Seung-Ki Youn, Je-Seop Park, Jong Tae Choi, Young-Seok Bak, Young-Bin Yu, Young Kwon Kim
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(6):341-345.
Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.012
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to build and provide a basic database of skin fungal infections for the effective management of skin fungal infections in the future.
Methods
We collected health insurance data between the years 2006 and 2010 from the Health Insurance Corporation (Seoul, Korea) and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of skin fungal infections.
Results
Skin fungal infections were divided into two groups: namely dermatophytosis and other superficial mycoses. Dermatophytosis showed a higher prevalence (16,035,399 cases) than the other superficial mycoses (794,847 cases) within the study period. The prevalence rate decreased consecutively by 0.01% to 0.19% every year. The prevalence according to region showed that Jeolla-do had a high prevalence distribution. The prevalences in men and women were similar (7.01% vs. 6.26%). It is interesting to note that adults from the 50–79-year age group showed a higher prevalence than children and young adults. The average convalescence time (days) of dermatophytosis was longer than that of other superficial mycoses. The total medical expenses were also much higher in dermatophytosis than in the other superficial mycoses.
Conclusion
This study provides useful data for study trends of skin fungal infections.

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Prevalence of Head Lice Infestation and Its Associated Factors among Primary School Students in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mahmood Moosazadeh, Mahdi Afshari, Hormoz Keianian, Asghar Nezammahalleh, Ahmad Ali Enayati
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(6):346-356.
Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.011
Objectives
Head lice infestation is one of the most important health problems, generally involving children aged 5–13 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors among primary school children using systematic review and meta-analysis methods.
Methods
Different national and international databases were searched for selecting the relevant studies using appropriate keywords, Medical Subject Heading terms, and references. Relevant studies with acceptable quality for meta-analysis were selected having excluded duplicate and irrelevant articles, quality assessment, and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. With calculating standard errors according to binomial distribution and also considering the Cochrane's Q test as well as I-squared index for heterogeneity, pediculosis prevalence rate was estimated using Stata SE V.11 software.
Results
Forty studies met the inclusion criteria of this review and entered into the meta-analysis including 200,306 individuals. Using a random effect model, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) of head lice infestation among primary school children was estimated as 1.6% (1.2–2.05), 8.8% (7.6–9.9), and 7.4% (6.6–8.2) for boys, girls, and all the students, respectively. The infestation rate was found to be associated with low educational level of parents, long hair, family size, mother's job (housewife), father's job (worker/unemployed), using a common comb, lack of bathrooms in the house, and a low frequency of bathing.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of head lice infestation among Iranian primary school children is relatively high with more prevalence among girls. We also found that economic, social, cultural, behavioral, and hygienic factors are associated with this infestation.

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Study on the Prevalence of Leptospirosis among Fever Cases Reported from Private Clinics in the Urban areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
Parasuraman Basker, Pichai Kannan, Karumana Gounder Kolandaswamy
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(1):54-67.
Published online February 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.01.003
Objectives
To know the prevalence of leptospirosis cases reported in private clinics among fever cases in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India to know its real magnitude of the problem and to diagnose Leptospirosis among fever cases from differential diagnosis.
Methods
1502 Blood serum samples collected from three urban towns namely Kallakurichi (Latitude: 11° 73′ N; Longitude: 78° 97′ E), Villupuram (Latitude: 11° 75′ N; Longitude: 79° 92′ E) and Thindivanam (Latitude: 12° 25′ N; Longitude: 79° 65′ E) in fifteen clinics based on case definition of leptospirosis delineated by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), Government of India. Samples were tested in the laboratory of the Zonal Entomological Team (ZET), Cuddalore with Macroscopic Slide Agglutination Test (MSAT) and Ig-M ELISA.
Result
There were 65 positive cases detected from 1502 blood serum samples in both MSAT and Ig-M ELISA. It could be known that there was 4% cases contributed from private clinics among fever cases. From this study, further it was known that all age groups of people affected irrespective of sexes based on their living condition associated with the environment prevailed of the disease.
Conclusion
From this study, it was quantified that 4% of cases reported in private clinics among fever cases and its findings ascertained both the importance of differential diagnosis as well as reports that should be included to the Government for knowing its real magnitude for planning.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clonorchiasis among the Populations Served by Primary Healthcare Posts along Five Major Rivers in South Korea
Kyung Ja June, Shin Hyeong Cho, Won Ja Lee, Chunmi Kim, Kyung-Soon Park
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(1):21-26.
Published online February 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.12.002
Objectives
Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i>. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors of clonorchiasis among the populations served by primary healthcare posts along five major rivers in South Korea.
Methods
Forty primary healthcare posts that are located less than 5 km from one of the five rivers were selected from 26 counties. For the purpose of the survey, community health practitioners selected the nearest villages from the riversides in their own catchment area. From January to May 2009, a total of 2788 stool samples were collected and examined using the formalin–ether sedimentation technique. Village inhabitants were also interviewed by means of questionnaires in order to obtain information on potential risk factors.
Results
The prevalence rates of clonorchiasis at various river basins were as follows: Seomjin River, 21.3%; Nakdong River, 13.5%; Geum River, 9.2%; Han River, 7.6%; and Yeongsan River, 4.9%. The total number of people infected with <i>C. sinensis</i> was 329 (11.3%). By gender, 14.3% of males and 7.6% of females were infected. In case of both males and females, the prevalence rate was highest in those in their 40s. Consumption of raw freshwater fish was confirmed as a risk factor based on a logistic regression analysis.
Conclusion
The present findings suggest that clonorchiasis is still highly prevalent among the inhabitants of riverside areas in southern Korea, and, accordingly, it is necessary to implement a systematic control program in the endemic areas.

Citations

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  • Assessing trends in clonorchiasis incidence via prescription data analysis in South Korea
    Taeksang Lee, Jun Hyun Lee, Hanna Jin, Yun Kyung Lee, Hyun Beom Song
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  • Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea
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    Meng Xu, Yanyan Jiang, Jianhai Yin, Shengkui Cao, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao
    Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 427.     CrossRef
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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 523.     CrossRef
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  • Risk Factors of Clonorchis sinensis Human Infections in Endemic Areas, Haman-Gun, Republic of Korea: A Case-Control Study
    Sang-Eun Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Myoung-Ro Lee, Yang-Hee Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju
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  • Epidemiological and Clinical Parameters Features of Patients with Clonorchiasis in the Geum River Basin, Republic of Korea
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  • Prevalence and Related Factors of Clonorchiasis among Five Major Riverside Residents in South Korea
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Estimation of HIV Seroprevalence in Colorectal Hospitals by Questionnaire Survey in Korea, 2002–2007
Mee-Kyung Kee, Do Yeon Hwang, Jong Kyun Lee, Seung Hyun Kim, Chaeshin Chu, Jin-Hee Lee, Sung Soon Kim
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(2):104-108.
Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.08.002
Objectives
The incidence of anal disease is higher among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than among the general population. We surveyed the status of seroprevalence in colorectal hospitals in Korea.
Methods
The survey was conducted in colorectal hospitals in Korea from November to December 2008. The questionnaire was comprised of six topics about the status of HIV testing in colorectal hospitals. We gathered the data by website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hivqa.nih.go.kr/risk">http://hivqa.nih.go.kr/risk</ext-link>) or fax.
Results
Among 774 colorectal hospitals contacted, 109 (14%) hospitals participated in the survey. Among these, 48 hospitals (44%) performed HIV tests in their own hospitals and 11 (23%) took HIV testing by rapid method. The main reason for recommending an HIV test was surgical operation (54%) followed by endoscope (11%) and health checkup (9%). The annual number of HIV tests increased from 58,647 (at 21 hospitals) in 2002 to 246,709 (at 58 hospitals) in 2007. HIV seroprevalence was >3.0 per 10,000 individuals during 2002–2005, decreased to 2.2 per 10,000 individuals in 2006 and rose to 2.8 per 10,000 individuals in 2007.
Conclusions
HIV seroprevalence of colorectal hospitals was more than twice that of general hospitals in Korea. HIV surveillance systems based on colorectal hospitals for HIV/AIDS transmission prevention by early HIV diagnosis are needed.

Citations

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  • Discrimination and Stigma
    Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(3): 141.     CrossRef
  • Hospital-based HIV/HSV-2 seroprevalence among male patients with anal disease in Korea: cross sectional study
    Jin-Sook Wang, Do Yeon Hwang, Hye-Kyung Yu, Sung Soon Kim, Jong Kyun Lee, Mee-Kyung Kee
    BMC Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Years of Epidemics (2009–2011): Pandemic Influenza and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Korea
    Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 125.     CrossRef
  • What is Next for HIV/AIDS in Korea?
    Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(6): 291.     CrossRef
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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and E Viruses Based on the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey in Korea
Haesun Yun, Hyeok-Jin Lee, Doosung Cheon, Chaeshin Chu, Kyung Won Oh, Young Taek Kim, Youngmee Jee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(1):46-50.
Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.04.009
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Korea during 2005.
Methods
Study subjects were selected from across Korea using a stratified multistage probability sampling design, and HAV and HEV seroprevalence was compared on the basis of sex, age, and residency. A total of 497 rural and urban people aged 10–99 years of age (mean ± SD age = 28.87 ± 17.63 years) were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and tested serologically for anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgG using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Among this population, the overall seroprevalence of HAV was 63.80% (55.21% aged in their 20s and 95.92% in their 30s, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and that of HEV was 9.40% (5.21% aged in their 20s and 7.14% in their 30s, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Seroprevalence also varied according to area of residence. HEV prevalence in rural areas was higher than that of urban regions based on the anti-HEV antibody, odds ratio 3.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.46–7.10, <i>p</i> < 0.01). There were no significant differences between male and female against anti-HAV/HEV antibodies.
Conclusion
Our study suggested that the seropositive rates of HAV and HEV might be related to age and environmental conditions.

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  • A Silent Outbreak of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection or False-Positive Reaction of Anti-HEV IgM after COVID-19 Vaccination? Epidemiological Investigation of an Outbreak in a Korean Factory Complex in 2022
    Jeonghyeon Oh, Gwang Hyeon Choi, Yeonhwa Chang, Jina Kim, Kunhee Park, Hansol Yeom, Soonryu Seo, Jin Gwack, Sook-Hyang Jeong
    Gut and Liver.2024; 18(3): 531.     CrossRef
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    Kyung Jae Lee, Jae Sung Ko, Kie Young Park, Ki Soo Kang, Kunsong Lee, Jeana Hong, Soon Chul Kim, Yoon Lee, Ben Kang, Yu Bin Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Byung Wook Eun, Hye-Kyung Cho, Yae-Jean Kim, Mi Jin Kim, Jin Lee, Taek-Jin Lee, Seak Hee Oh, Sowon Park, Eun Ha
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Eunchan Mun, Yesung Lee, Byungseong Suh, Wonsul Kim, Jinsook Jeong, Hwanjin Park, Woncheol Lee, Boksoon Han, Soyoung Park, Changhwan Lee
    BMJ Open.2020; 10(6): e036727.     CrossRef
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    Yanan Cai, Si-Yuan Qin, Aidong Qian, Peng Xu, Ying-Tian Xu, Lin-Hong Xie, Quan Zhao, Xiao-Xuan Zhang
    Journal of Medical Virology.2017; 89(11): 1988.     CrossRef
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    Kyung-Soon Cho, So-Hyun Park
    Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2014; 46(1): 17.     CrossRef
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    V. P. Verghese, J. L. Robinson
    Clinical Infectious Diseases.2014; 59(5): 689.     CrossRef
  • Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Seroprevalence in the general population of the Republic of Korea in 2007–2009: a nationwide cross-sectional study
    Youngsil Yoon, Hye Sook Jeong, Haesun Yun, Hyeokjin Lee, Yoo-Sung Hwang, Bohyun Park, Chae Jin Lee, Sangwon Lee, Ji-Yeon Hyeon
    BMC Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Road Less Traveled
    Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2011; 2(1): 1.     CrossRef
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Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Infections Along the Five Major Rivers in Republic of Korea, 2007
Hyun-Kyung Kim, Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Cheun, Ki-Yeon Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-ja Lee, Shin-Hyeong Cho
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2010;1(1):43-49.
Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2010.12.010
Objectives
The prevalence of <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> infection was investigated among residents of the five major river basins, that is, Hangang, Nakdonggang, Seomjingang, Yeongsangang, and Geumgang River basins in Korea.
Methods
From January to December 2007, a total of 31,268 stool samples were collected from 29 localities and examined by the formalin-ether sedimentation technique.
Results
Intestinal parasite eggs and/or protozoan cysts were detected from 2957 (9.5%) inhabitants. Number of residents harbouring helminth eggs in the faeces was 2542 (8.1%) for <i>C. sinensis</i>, 255 (0.8%) for <i>Heterophyes</i> spp., 36 (0.1%) for <i>Echinostoma</i> spp., 30 (0.1%) for <i>Trichuris trichiura</i>, 8 (0.03%) for <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i>, 7 (0.02%) for <i>Gymnophalloide seoi</i>, and 50 (0.02%) for <i>Trichostrongylus orientalis</i>. Number of residents harbouring protozoan cysts in the faeces was 133 (1.3%) for <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. and 50 (0.2%) for <i>Giardia lamblia.</i> The positive rates of <i>C. sinensis</i> in Nakdonggang, Seomjingang, Yeongsangang, Geumgang, and Hangang River basins were 12.2%, 9.5%, 3.3%, 3.0%, and 1.0%, respectively. The egg positive rate of <i>C. sinensis</i> was higher in male (10.6%) than in female (6.1%), and the age group of 50s had the highest positive rate (10.4%).
Conclusion
The result of this study revealed little decrease in positive rate of <i>C. sinensis</i> compared with the result of southern endemic areas of Korea in 2006.

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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 23.     CrossRef
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    Meng Xu, Yanyan Jiang, Jianhai Yin, Shengkui Cao, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao
    Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 427.     CrossRef
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