Objectives Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen in aquatic animals and a threat to human health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Methods: In total, 150 rearing water samples were collected from 10 fish mariculture farms in winter and summer. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify V. parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, and ARGs. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated using the disk diffusion test and a microtiter plate-based crystal violet method, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven V. parahaemolyticus isolates were recovered from 150 samples. The frequencies of the tdh and trh genes among V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 8.1% and 21.6%, respectively. More than 90% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol, but over 72% were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Furthermore, 67.57% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The presence of ARGs related to gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), tetracycline (tetA) and ciprofloxacin (qnrA) in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was identified. Conversely, no ARGs related to ampicillin or erythromycin resistance were detected. Biofilm formation capacity was detected in significantly more multidrug-resistant isolates (64.9%) than non-multidrug-resistant isolates (18.9%). Conclusion: Mariculture environments are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus and a hotspot for virulence genes and ARGs diffusing to aquatic environments. Thus, the prevention of antibiotic-resistant foodborne vibriosis in aquatic animals and humans requires continuous monitoring.
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of <italic>IMP</italic> and <italic>OXA</italic> genes in clinical strains of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>) that are carriers of the <italic>ampC</italic> gene.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>In this study, 105 clinical isolates of <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> were collected. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using the disk diffusion method. The strains carrying AmpC enzymes were characterized by a combination disk method. Multiplex-PCR was used to identify resistance and virulence genes, chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between variables.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Among 105 isolates of <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, the highest antibiotic resistance was to cefotaxime and aztreonam, and the least resistance was to colictin and ceftazidime. There were 49 isolates (46.66%) that showed an AmpC phenotype. In addition, the frequencies of the resistance genes were; <italic>OXA48</italic> gene 85.2%, <italic>OXA199, 139</italic> 3.8%, <italic>OXA23</italic> 3.8%, <italic>OXA2</italic> 66.6%, <italic>OXA10</italic> 3.8%, <italic>OXA51</italic> 85.2% and <italic>OXA58</italic> 3.8%. The <italic>IMP27</italic> gene was detected in 9 isolates (8.57%) and the <italic>IMP3.34</italic> was detected in 11 isolates (10.47%). Other genes detected included; <italic>lasR</italic> (17.1%), <italic>lasB</italic> (18%) and <italic>lasA</italic> (26.6%). There was a significant relationship between virulence factors and the <italic>OX</italic> and <italic>IMP</italic> genes (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The relationship between antibiotic resistance and virulence factors observed in this study could play an important role in outbreaks associated with <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> infections.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Uropathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (UPEC) are the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we determined whether sensitivity to antibiotics was related to the prevalence of iron scavenging genes, or to biofilm and hemolysis formation.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A total of 110 UPEC and 30 <italic>E coli</italic> isolates were collected from the urine of UTI patients and feces of healthy individuals without UTI, respectively. The presence of iron receptor genes and phenotypic properties were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and phenotypic methods, respectively. Susceptibility to routine antibiotics was evaluated using the disc diffusion method.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The prevalence of iron scavenging genes ranged from 21.8% (<italic>ireA</italic>) to 84.5% (<italic>chuA</italic>) in the UPEC. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was significantly correlated with the presence of <italic>fyuA</italic> and <italic>iutA</italic> iron genes. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the prevalence of <italic>fyuA</italic> and <italic>hma</italic> iron genes. A higher degree of antibiotic resistance was exhibited by isolates that produced biofilms than by their non-biofilm producing counterparts.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our study clearly indicates that biofilm production is associated with antibiotic resistance, and that iron receptors and hemolysin production also contribute to reduced antibiotic sensitivity. These results further our understanding of the role that these virulence factors play during UPEC pathogenesis, which in turn may be valuable for the development of novel treatment strategies against UTIs.</p></sec>
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Objectives
To confirm genotype diversities of clinical isolates of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> and to evaluate the risk of pertussis outbreak in Korea. Methods
Seven housekeeping genes and 10 antigenic determinant genes from clinical <i>B. pertussis</i> isolates were analyzed by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results
More variant pattern was observed in antigenic determinant genes. Especially, <i>PtxS1</i> gene was the most variant gene; five genotypes were observed from eight global genotypes. In the bacterial type, the number of observed sequence types in the isolates was seven and the most frequent form was type 1 (79.6%). This major sequence type also showed a time-dependent transition pattern. Older isolates (1968 and 1975) showed type 1 and 6 in housekeeping genes and antigenic determinant genes, respectively. However, these were changed to type 2 and 1 in isolates 1999–2008. This transition was mainly attributed to genotype change of <i>PtxS1</i> and <i>Fim3</i> gene; the tendency of genotype change was to avoid vaccine-derived genotype. In addition, there was second transition in 2009. In this period, only the sequence type of antigenic determinant genes was changed to type 2. Based Upon Related Sequence Types (BURST) analysis confirmed that there were two clonal complexes (ACCI and ACCII) in the Korean isolates. Moreover, the recently increased sequence type was revealed as AST2 derived from AST 3 in ACCI. Conclusions
Genotype changes in Korean distributing strains are still progressing and there was a specific driving force in antigenic determinant genes. Therefore continuous surveillance of genotype change of the distributing strains should be performed to confirm interrelationship of genotype change with vaccine immunity.
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Objectives
To characterise the genetic and serological diversity of pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>, we tested 111 <i>E coli</i> strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. Methods
The isolates were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and slide agglutination method for the detection of virulence genes and serotypes, respectively. To compare the expression of Shiga toxin (<i>stx</i>)-1 and <i>stx2</i> genes, real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and rapid exprssion assay, reversed-passive latex agglutination, were performed. Results
Forty-nine Shiga toxin-producing <i>E coli</i> (STEC) strains and 62 non-STEC strains, including 20 enteropathogenic <i>E coli</i>, 20 enterotoxigenic <i>E coli</i>, 20 enteroaggregative <i>E coli</i>, and 2 enteroinvasive <i>E coli</i> were randomly chosen from the strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. PCR analysis indicated that locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, that is, <i>eae</i>A, <i>esp</i>ADB, and <i>tir</i> genes were present in STEC, enteropathogenic <i>E coli</i>, and enteroinvasive <i>E coli</i>. Quorum sensing-related gene <i>lux</i>S was detected in most of pathogenic <i>E coli</i> strains. Major serotypes of the STEC strains were O157 (26%) and O26 (20%), whereas the non-STEC strains possessed various serotypes. Especially, all the strains with serotype O157 carried <i>stx</i>2 and the tested virulence factors. Of the STEC strains, the data of real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and reversed-passive latex agglutination tests showed that messenger RNA- and protein expression of <i>stx</i>2 gene were higher than those of <i>stx</i>1 gene. Conclusion
Our results provide the epidemiological information regarding the trend of STEC and non-STEC infections in the general population and show the fundamental data in association of serotypes with virulence genes in diarrhoeagenic <i>E coli</i> strains from Korea.
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