1Division of Brain Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
2Departments of Neurology, Korea University Medical College, Ansan, Korea
3Psychiatry, Korea University Medical College, Ansan, Korea
© 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Control | MCI | Dementia | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 424 | 382 | 56 | |
Age (yr) | 69.4 ± 4.5 | 72.6 ± 5.1 | 74.6 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
Male (%) | 53 | 37 | 18 | <0.001 |
Education (yr) | 10.1 ± 4.4 | 5.1 ± 4.3 | 2.5 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 13.0 ± 5.1 | 13.3 ± 4.8 | 17.6 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
Folate (ng/mL) | 10.0 ± 7.2 | 8.9 ± 6.1 | 7.9 ± 4.8 | 0.010 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 713.0 ± 313.4 | 705.2 ± 295.4 | 586.4 ± 237.7 | 0.012 |
ApoE4-allele positive (%) | 16.5 | 17.3 | 20.4 | 0.765 |
MMSE score | 27.4 ± 2.3 | 25.1 ± 3.0 | 16.3 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
CERAD score | 69.8 ± 8.6 | 55.4 ± 10.1 | 33.2 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
Variables | Homocysteine (μmol/L) | Folate (ng/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hcy ≤ 15 | 15 < Hcy ≤ 30 | 30 < Hcy | p | Fol < 3.0 | 3.0 ≤ Fol < 17.0 | 17.0 ≤ Fol | p | |
N | 653 | 192 | 17 | 26 | 746 | 90 | ||
Age | 70.6 ± 4.9 | 72.8 ± 5.6 | 73.8 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 72.6 ± 5.0 | 71.1 ± 5.2 | 70.9 ± 5.0 | 0.314 |
Male/female | 247/406 | 120/72 | 12/5 | <0.001 | 20/6 | 323/423 | 36/54 | 0.002 |
Education | 7.4 ± 5.1 | 7.5 ± 5.1 | 8.1 ± 5.5 | 0.815 | 7.6 ± 4.6 | 7.2 ± 5.1 | 8.7 ± 5.4 | 0.028 |
Folate | 10.3 ± 6.9 | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 4.5 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 3.1 | 24.8 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B12 | 738.0 ± 299.8 | 599.2 ± 283.1 | 446.4 ± 226.7 | <0.001 | 531.6 ± 294.3 | 689.3 ± 280.5 | 850.2 ± 411.2 | <0.001 |
Hcy | 11.3 ± 2.1 | 18.5 ± 3.1 | 37.7 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 23.7 ± 9.8 | 13.4 ± 4.7 | 11.0 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
MCI | 297 | 79 | 6 | 0.973 | 14 | 336 | 32 | 0.040 |
Dementia | 24 | 28 | 4 | <0.001 | 4 | 49 | 3 | 0.020 |
CERAD score | 62.5 ± 13.0 | 57.0 ± 15.7 | 55.3 ± 16.6 | <0.001 | 53.8 ± 14.8 | 60.9 ± 14.0 | 64.6 ± 11.9 | 0.002 |
Models | 15 < Hcy ≤ 30 | 30 < Hcy | Folate < 3.0 | 17.0 ≤ Folate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dementia | ||||
Unadjusted | 4.56 (2.51–8.26) | 7.91 (2.16–28.90) | 3.68 (1.07–12.69) | 0.40 (0.12–1.33) |
Model 1 | 6.38 (2.44–16.72) | 24.35 (3.70–160.20) | 6.13 (1.02–36.64) | 0.44 (0.10–1.94) |
Model 2 | 5.18 (1.91–14.10) | 15.59 (2.11–115.04) | 2.34 (0.38–14.62) | 0.77 (0.16–3.73) |
MCI | ||||
Unadjusted | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) | 0.96 (0.32–2.88) | 1.88 (0.78–4.54) | 0.63 (0.39–0.99) |
Model 1 | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 0.48 (0.12–1.88) | 2.13 (0.74–6.12) | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) |
Model 3 | 0.82 (0.52–1.30) | 0.43 (0.11–1.73) | 2.47 (0.80–7.63) | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) |
Values are mean ± SD. The MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; SD = standard deviation.
The The concentration ranges for Hcy and folate were set according to Refs Hcy = homocysteine; Fol = folate; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease.
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, and years of education. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, years of education, vitamin B12, and folate (or homocysteine). The reference concentrations were Hcy ≤ 15 μmol/L and 3.0 ng/mL ≤ Folate < 17.0 ng/mL. Bold values are MCI = mild cognitive impairment; Hcy = homocysteine.