Table 1Description and Distribution of the Six Health Behaviors.
Health behavior |
Definition |
Prevalence of risk behavior |
1 |
0 |
Smoking |
No smoking in the last 30 days |
Smoking in the last 30 days |
11.27% |
Drinking |
No drinking in the last 30 days |
More than 1 day of drinking in the last 30 days |
19.31% |
Obesity |
Body mass index < 25 |
Body mass index ≥ 25 |
9.60% |
Exercise |
Vigorous exercise more than three times or moderate exercise more than five times per week |
Vigorous exercise fewer than three times or moderate exercise fewer than five times per week |
64.61% |
Breakfast |
Has breakfast 6–7 days/week |
Has breakfast fewer than 6 days/week |
48.17% |
Sleeping |
Sleeps 7–8 hours per night |
Sleeps less than 7 hours or more than 8 hours per night |
63.96% |
Table 2Between-Group Comparison of Demographic Characteristics.
Factor |
|
High-risk group (n=9,604) N (%) or M ± SD |
Low-risk group (n=19,386) N (%) or M ± SD |
Total (n=28,990) N (%) or M ± SD |
χ2 or t |
p
|
Individual level characteristics |
|
Sex |
Male |
5,515 (31.5) |
12,020 (68.5) |
17,535 (100) |
56.354 |
<.001 |
|
Female |
4,371 (38.2) |
5,528 (61.8) |
11,455 (100) |
|
|
|
Age (y) |
|
15.86 ± 1.48 |
14.00 ± 1.56 |
14.61 ± 1.76 |
98.07 |
<.001 |
|
Stress |
|
3.61 ± 0.97 |
3.10 ± 0.93 |
2.28 ± 0.97 |
42.903 |
<.001 |
|
Depression |
No |
5,355 (35.7) |
14,922 (64.3) |
14,989 (100) |
1375.009 |
<.001 |
|
Yes |
4,249 (48.8) |
4,464 (51.2) |
8,731 (100) |
|
|
|
Subjective health status |
|
3.60 ± 0.91 |
4.00 ± 0.78 |
3.87 ± 0.85 |
−38.729 |
<.001 |
|
School performance |
|
2.45 ± 1.18 |
3.19 ± 1.18 |
2.94 ± 1.23 |
−50.532 |
<.001 |
|
Health education experience |
No |
7,372 (36.5) |
12,838 (63.5) |
20,210 (100) |
337.1 |
<.001 |
Yes |
2,232 (25.4) |
6,548 (74.5) |
8,780 (100) |
|
Father’s level of education |
High school graduate or higher |
3,225 (25.9) |
9,220 (74.1) |
12,445 (100) |
387.631 |
<.001 |
|
Middle school graduate or less |
5,623 (37.0) |
9,566 (63.0) |
15,189 (100) |
|
|
|
Mother’s level of education |
High school graduate or higher |
2,371 (35.4) |
7,590 (64.6) |
6,702 (100) |
501.097 |
<.001 |
|
Middle school graduated or less |
6,886 (29.3) |
11,184 (63.1) |
17,724 (100) |
|
|
|
Living situation |
Living with both parents |
1,517 (46.9) |
1,714 (53.1) |
23,495 (100) |
410.169 |
.0012 |
|
Living with a single parent |
1,193 (57.0) |
901 (43.0) |
3,231 (100) |
|
|
|
School level characteristics |
|
Geographic area |
Rural area |
1,229 (34.6) |
2,254 (65.4) |
3,553 (100) |
32.642 |
<.001 |
|
City |
4,117 (31.7) |
8,876 (68.3) |
12,993 (100) |
|
|
|
Large city |
4,188 (33.7) |
8,256 (66.3) |
12,444 (100) |
|
|
|
School grade |
Middle school |
2,357 (13.9) |
14,623 (86.1) |
16,980 (100) |
7077.074 |
<.001 |
|
High school |
4,768 (56.2) |
13,715 (43.8) |
8,483 (100) |
|
|
|
Vocational school |
2,479 (70.3) |
1,048 (29.7) |
3,527 (100) |
|
|
|
School type |
Boys’ school |
1,663 (32.0) |
3,528 (68.0) |
5,191 (100) |
33.196 |
<.001 |
|
Girls’ school |
1,304 (37.4) |
2,184 (62.6) |
3,488 (100) |
|
|
|
Coed school |
6,637 (32.7) |
13,674 (67.3) |
20,311 (100) |
|
|
|
School affluence score |
|
4.46 ± 1.95 |
4.99 ± 1.89 |
4.82 ± 1.93 |
−22.07 |
<.001 |
Table 3Multilevel Logistic Analysis of High-Risk Group Results.
|
Estimate |
Standard error |
t
|
p
|
Odds ratio |
95% confidence interval |
Fixed effect |
Intercept |
−5.8191 |
0.4063 |
−14.32 |
< .001 |
|
|
Individual level characteristics (reference) |
Sex (Male) |
Female |
0.3457 |
0.4476 |
7.72 |
<.001 |
1.41 |
1.29–1.54 |
Age (y) |
0.4180 |
0.0185 |
22.59 |
<.001 |
1.58 |
1.47–1.58 |
Stress |
0.3412 |
0.0204 |
16.72 |
<.001 |
1.41 |
1.35–1.46 |
Depression (No) |
Yes |
0.5102 |
0.0374 |
13.64 |
<.001 |
1.67 |
1.55–1.79 |
Subjective health status |
−0.1695 |
0.0205 |
−8.27 |
<.001 |
0.84 |
0.81–0.88 |
School performance |
−0.4530 |
0.0152 |
−30.68 |
<.001 |
0.63 |
0.61–0.65 |
Health education experience |
−0.0421 |
0.0178 |
−2.36 |
0.018 |
0.96 |
0.93–0.99 |
Father’s level of education (High school graduate or higher) |
Middle school graduate or less |
0.1257 |
0.0427 |
2.94 |
0.003 |
1.13 |
1.04–1.23 |
Mother’s level of education (High school graduate or higher) |
Middle school graduate or less |
0.0498 |
0.0465 |
1.07 |
0.285 |
1.05 |
0.96–1.15 |
Living situation (Living with both parents) |
Living with a single parent |
0.3944 |
0.0589 |
6.69 |
<.001 |
1.48 |
1.32–1.67 |
School level characteristics (reference) |
Geographic area (Rural area) |
City |
0.0907 |
0.0773 |
1.17 |
0.241 |
1.10 |
0.94–1.27 |
Large city |
0.1210 |
0.0745 |
1.63 |
0.104 |
1.13 |
0.98–1.36 |
School grade (Middle school) |
High school |
0.7531 |
0.0735 |
10.25 |
< .001 |
2.12 |
1.84–2.45 |
Vocational school |
1.3321 |
0.0995 |
13.39 |
< .001 |
3.79 |
3.12–4.61 |
School type (Coed school) |
Boys’ school |
0.0833 |
0.0666 |
1.25 |
0.211 |
1.09 |
0.95–1.24 |
Girls’ school |
−0.1707 |
0.0720 |
−2.37 |
0.018 |
0.84 |
0.73–0.97 |
School affluence score |
−0.2597 |
0.0657 |
−3.95 |
< .001 |
0.77 |
0.68–0.88 |
Random effect |
0.2239 |
0.0234 |
9.57 |
< .001 |
|
|