Figure 1Improvements in the prevalence of MetS risks. The p value based on Chi-square tests for comparison of prevalence rates changes between men and women. AO = abdominal obesity; EBP = elevated blood pressure; ETG = elevated triglycerides; HDL = low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IFG = impaired fasting glucose.
Table 1Baseline characteristics and risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
|
|
Men (n = 93)
|
Women (n = 170)
|
All (n = 263)
|
|
Sociodemographic characteristics |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
pa
|
Age (y) |
Mean (SD) |
56.9 (9.1) |
58.1 (7.4) |
57.7 (8.0) |
0.2566 |
Education (6 missed) |
Middle school |
18 (19.4) |
78 (47.6) |
96 (37.4) |
<0.0001 |
High school |
41 (44.1) |
52 (31.7) |
93 (36.2) |
College |
34 (36.6) |
34 (20.7) |
68 (26.5) |
Marital status (5 missed) |
Live with spouse |
86 (92.5) |
130 (78.8) |
216 (83.7) |
0.0043 |
Live without spouse |
7 (7.5) |
35 (21.2) |
42 (16.3) |
Working (5 missed) |
Employed |
60 (64.5) |
58 (35.2) |
118 (45.7) |
<0.0001 |
Housewives |
0 (0.0) |
94 (57.0) |
94 (36.4) |
Others |
33 (35.5) |
13 (7.9) |
46 (17.8) |
Monthly income (13 missed) |
>US$1000 |
10 (11.4) |
37 (22.8) |
47 (18.8) |
0.0733 |
US$1000–3000 |
40 (45.5) |
69 (42.6) |
109 (43.6) |
≥US$3000 |
38 (43.2) |
56 (34.6) |
94 (37.6) |
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) characteristics |
No. of MetS components, mean (SD) |
3.3 (0.5) |
3.2 (0.4) |
3.2 (0.5) |
0.0949 |
3 components |
68 (73.1) |
139 (81.8) |
207 (78.7) |
0.1725 |
4 components |
22 (23.7) |
29 (17.1) |
51 (19.4) |
|
5 components |
3 (3.2) |
2 (1.2) |
5 (1.9) |
|
Elevated blood pressure (EBP) |
79 (84.9) |
115 (67.6) |
194 (73.8) |
0.0023 |
Abdominal obesity (AO) |
72 (77.4) |
147 (86.5) |
219 (83.3) |
0.0601 |
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) |
73 (78.5) |
98 (57.6) |
171 (65.0) |
0.0007 |
Elevated triglycerides (ETG) |
72 (77.4) |
108 (63.5) |
180 (68.4) |
0.0205 |
Low HDL cholesterol (HDL) |
11 (11.8) |
75 (44.1) |
86 (32.7) |
<0.0001 |
Table 2Prevalence rates and cluster effects of MetS component combinations at baseline.
Prevalence of MetS components
|
Men (n = 93)
|
Women (n = 170)
|
EBP |
AO |
IFG |
ETG |
HDL |
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
n (%) |
(%) |
n (%) |
(%) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
3 (3.2) |
4.7 |
0.68 |
2 (1.2) |
9.5 |
0.12 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
− |
20 (21.5)*** |
35.2 |
0.61 |
7 (4.1) |
12.0 |
0.34 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
− |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
1.4 |
0.00 |
4 (2.4) |
5.4 |
0.43 |
+ |
+ |
− |
+ |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
1.3 |
0.00 |
10 (5.9) |
6.9 |
0.85 |
+ |
− |
+ |
+ |
+ |
2 (2.2) |
1.4 |
1.56a
|
0 (0.0) |
1.5 |
0.00 |
− |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
0.8 |
0.00 |
8 (4.7) |
4.5 |
1.04 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
− |
− |
20 (21.5) |
10.3 |
2.09a
|
42 (24.7) |
6.9 |
3.59a
|
+ |
+ |
− |
+ |
− |
15 (16.1) |
9.7 |
1.67a
|
19 (11.2) |
8.8 |
1.27 |
+ |
+ |
− |
− |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
0.4 |
0.00 |
13 (7.6) |
4.0 |
1.92a
|
+ |
− |
+ |
+ |
− |
15 (16.1)** |
10.3 |
1.57a
|
8 (4.7) |
1.9 |
2.51a
|
+ |
− |
+ |
− |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
0.4 |
0.00 |
2 (1.2) |
0.9 |
1.39 |
+ |
− |
− |
+ |
+ |
4 (4.3) |
0.4 |
11.39a
|
8 (4.7) |
1.1 |
4.33a
|
− |
+ |
+ |
+ |
− |
12 (12.9) |
6.2 |
2.07a
|
19 (11.2) |
5.7 |
1.95a
|
− |
+ |
+ |
− |
+ |
1 (1.1) |
0.2 |
4.40a
|
1 (0.6) |
2.6 |
0.23 |
− |
+ |
− |
+ |
+ |
1 (1.1) |
0.2 |
4.69a
|
22 (12.9)** |
3.3 |
3.90a
|
− |
− |
+ |
+ |
+ |
0 (0.0) |
0.2 |
0.00 |
5 (2.9) |
0.7 |
4.16a
|
Table 3Cluster effects of changes in MetS components' prevalence rates.
Changes in MetS components |
Men
|
Women
|
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
EBP |
AO |
5.17 |
6.75 |
0.77 |
8.25 |
9.94 |
0.83 |
EBP |
IFG |
11.67 |
9.16 |
1.27 |
18.46 |
15.44 |
1.20 |
EBP |
ETG |
18.64 |
11.81 |
1.58a
|
27.78 |
25.12 |
1.11 |
EBP |
HDL |
44.44 |
13.81 |
3.22a
|
15.38 |
15.30 |
1.00 |
AO |
IFG |
7.14 |
6.70 |
1.07 |
6.02 |
5.64 |
1.07 |
AO |
ETG |
9.80 |
8.64 |
1.13 |
14.94 |
9.17 |
1.63a
|
AO |
HDL |
20.00 |
10.10 |
1.98a
|
11.67 |
5.59 |
2.09a
|
IFG |
ETG |
13.46 |
11.72 |
1.15 |
12.24 |
14.25 |
0.86 |
IFG |
HDL |
16.67 |
13.70 |
1.22 |
4.55 |
8.68 |
0.52 |
ETG |
HDL |
40.00 |
17.68 |
2.26a
|
18.18 |
14.12 |
1.29 |
Table 4Prevalence rates, cluster effects and prevalence odds ratio of MetS components after the intervention.
MetS components |
Men (n = 93)
|
Women (n = 170)
|
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
POR |
O
|
E
|
O/E
|
POR |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
EBP |
AO |
40.86 |
38.85 |
1.05 |
1.365 |
31.18 |
28.52 |
1.09 |
1.771 |
EBP |
IFG |
37.63 |
37.46 |
1.00 |
0.960 |
21.18 |
17.85 |
1.19 |
1.770 |
EBP |
ETG |
39.78 |
36.07 |
1.10 |
1.847 |
14.12 |
15.53 |
0.91 |
0.780 |
EBP |
HDL |
9.68 |
10.41 |
0.93 |
0.809 |
16.47 |
17.85 |
0.92 |
0.798 |
AO |
IFG |
35.48 |
34.96 |
1.01 |
0.935 |
34.71 |
32.77 |
1.06 |
1.504 |
AO |
ETG |
33.33 |
33.67 |
0.99 |
0.793 |
25.88 |
28.52 |
0.91 |
0.582 |
AO |
HDL |
6.45 |
9.71 |
0.66 |
0.377 |
31.18 |
32.77 |
0.95 |
0.737 |
IFG |
ETG |
39.78 |
32.47 |
1.23 |
3.119* |
17.06 |
17.85 |
0.96 |
0.873 |
IFG |
HDL |
7.53 |
9.37 |
0.80 |
0.592 |
16.47 |
20.52 |
0.80 |
0.505* |
ETG |
HDL |
12.90 |
9.02 |
1.43 |
4.249* |
24.71 |
17.85 |
1.38 |
3.274*** |