Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Osong Public Health Res Perspect > Volume 6(1); 2015 > Article
Original Article
Ovicidal and Oviposition Deterrent Activities of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Appadurai Daniel Reegan, Munusamy Rajiv Gandhi, Micheal Gabriel Paulraj, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2014;6(1):64-69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.08.009
Published online: September 4, 2014

Division of Vector Control, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

∗Corresponding author. Present address. NVBDCP, ROHFW, Govt. of India, Besant Nagar, Chennai, India. danielreegan85@gmail.com
• Received: July 23, 2014   • Revised: August 18, 2014   • Accepted: August 25, 2014

© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).

  • 3,360 Views
  • 29 Download
  • 41 Crossref
  • 49 Scopus
  • Objectives
    To evaluate the ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of five medicinal plant extracts namely Aegle marmelos (Linn.), Limonia acidissima (Linn.), Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.), Sphaeranthus amaranthoides (burm.f), and Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Three solvents, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, were used for the preparation of extracts from each plant.
  • Methods
    Four different concentrations—62.5 parts per million (ppm), 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm—were prepared using acetone and tested for ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the treatments and means were separated by Tukey's test of comparison.
  • Results
    Among the different extracts of the five plants screened, the hexane extract of L. acidissima recorded the highest ovicidal activity of 79.2% and 60% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. Similarly, the same hexane extract of L. acidissima showed 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the tested concentrations against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti adult females.
  • Conclusion
    It is concluded that the hexane extract of L. acidissima could be used in an integrated mosquito management program.
Mosquitoes are medically important insects and are considered major public health pests [1]. Mosquitoes transmit many dreadful diseases to humans and other vertebrates; therefore, they have been declared “Public Enemy Number One” [2]. Mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes and Culex are transmitting dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and filariasis [3,4]. Mosquito bites cause allergic responses including local skin reactions and systemic reactions such as angioedema and urticaria [5]. Tropical areas are more vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases and the risk of contracting arthropod-borne illnesses is increased due to climate change and intensifying globalization [6].
It is imperative to control mosquitoes in order to prevent mosquito-borne diseases and improve public health. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and chikungunya. Dengue fever is endemic in south-east Asia including India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan [7]. Dengue fever has become an important public health problem as the number of reported cases continues to increase, especially with more severe forms of the disease such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome or with unusual symptoms such as central nervous system involvement [8,9]. Culex quinquefasciatus is an important vector of lymphatic filariasis in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a pantropical pest and urban vector of Wuchereria bancrofti [10] and is possibly the most abundant house mosquito in towns and cities of tropical countries. According to [11], about 90 million people worldwide are infected with W. bancrofti, and 10 times more people are at risk of being infected. In India alone, 25 million people harbor microfilaria (mf) and 19 million people suffer from filarial disease manifestations [12].
In recent years, mosquito control programs have suffered a setback because mosquitoes are developing resistance to synthetic chemical insecticides such as organochlorides, organophosphates and carbamates and insect growth regulators such as methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and diflubenzuron [13–16]. Moreover, many organophosphates and organochlorides adversely affect the environment and damage biological systems [17]. These side effects of synthetic chemicals prompted many researchers to find environment-friendly alternatives for mosquito management. Literature reveals sufficient amounts of work on the mosquito control potential of plant extracts and plant essential oils [18–25].
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of five medicinal plant extracts namely Aegle marmelos (Linn.), Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.), Sphaeranthus amaranthoides (burm.f), Limonia acidissima (Linn.), and Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes.
2.1 Collection of plant material
The matured leaves of each plant were collected from Chennai, Tirunelveli and surrounding areas in Tamil Nadu, India and the plant species were authenticated by a Botanist at Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The voucher specimens (ERI-LA-MOS-210-214) of each plant species were deposited in the herbarium of the institute. The collected leaves were shade-dried for 5 days and coarsely powdered using an electric blender.
2.2 Preparation of solvent extracts
Crude extracts were prepared from the powdered leaves of each plant by a sequential extraction method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents (Fisher Scientific and Himeddia, Chennai, India). Leaf powder (1 kg) of each plant was soaked in 3 L of hexane for 48 hours with intermittent shaking. The extract was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper, concentrated in a rotary evaporator (Medica instruments Mgf.Co. Sl.No:EV11.JF.012), and finally dried in vacuum. The residue was soaked in other solvents consecutively and extracted. All the crude extracts were stored at 4°C in air-tight glass vials in the dark until used.
2.3 Test mosquitoes
The mosquito life stages used in this study were obtained from the Entomology Research Institute, and they were free of exposure to pathogens, insecticides, or repellents. The rearing conditions were: 28 ± 1°C; 70–75% relative humidity (RH); and 11 ± 0.5-hour photoperiod [26].
2.4 Ovicidal assay
Ovicidal activity was studied following the method of Elango et al [27]. Twenty five freshly laid eggs of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus were separately exposed to four different concentrations, namely 62.5 parts per million (ppm), 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm, prepared using acetone. Each concentration was replicated five times. Control (acetone in water) was maintained separately and egg mortality was observed under the microscope. Azadirachtin (10 ppm) and temephos (10 ppm) were used as positive controls for comparison with five replications each. The percent ovicidal activity was assessed at 120 hours post-treatment using the following formula:
Percentovicidalactivity:NumberofunhatchedeggsTotalnumberofeggsintroduced×100
2.5 Oviposition deterrent assay
The oviposition deterrent activity was assessed using earlier reported methods [27,28] with slight modifications. Ten blood-fed females of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus (10 days old, 2 days after blood feeding) were transferred to separate cages (45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm) made of mosquito net with a muslin socket on the front side for access. In each cage, four plastic bowls holding 200 mL of tap water were placed in opposite corners of each cage; one bowl was treated with the test material (extract), two bowls were used for positive control (temephos and azadirachtin), and the other one served as control. The concentrations used were 62.5 ppm, 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm. Each concentration was replicated five times. Sucrose solution (10%) was provided to the adult as feed throughout the study period. Experiments were carried out at room temperature (28 ± 1°C; RH: 70–75%) for a period of 72 hours. After 72 hours, the number of eggs laid in each bowl was counted and recorded. The percent effective repellency (ER) for each concentration was calculated using the following formula:
Effectiverepellency(ER)(%)=NCNTNC×100(%)
where NC is the number of eggs in the control, and NT is the number of eggs in the treatment.
2.6 Statistical analysis
The mean values and standard deviations were calculated from replication data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the treatments and means were separated by Tukey's test of multiple comparisons using SPSS software (version 11.5; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
3.1 Ovicidal activity results
Among the different extracts of the five plants screened, the hexane extract of L. acidissima recorded the highest ovicidal activity of 79.2% and 60% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). The hexane extract of A. marmelos recorded moderate ovicidal activity of 53.6% and 48.8% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). The ethyl acetate extract of C. odorata recorded 42.4% and 13.6% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. The other two plant extracts showed much less ovicidal activity. The positive control azadirachtin recorded ovicidal activity of 95.2% and 92.8% at 10 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. Temephos recorded 46.4% and 44% at 10 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). Overall, the ovicidal activity was higher against Cx. quinquefasciatus eggs than Ae. aegypti eggs.
3.2 Oviposition deterrent activity results
Among the five plant extracts screened, the hexane extract of L. acidissima showed 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the tested concentrations against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti adult females (Tables 3 and 4). At 500 ppm concentration, the hexane extract of A. marmelos recorded 76.74% and 71.79% oviposition deterrent activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). The ethyl acetate extract of S. amaranthoides recorded 22.31% and 20.48% oviposition deterrent activity at 500 ppm concentration against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. The extracts of S. indicus and C. odorata showed the least oviposition deterrent activity at all the tested concentrations against two mosquito species (Tables 3 and 4).
Over the past 5 decades, synthetic pesticides have been indiscriminately used against vector mosquitoes. As a result, side effects such as environmental pollution and toxic hazards to humans and other nontarget organisms were created. These side effects of synthetic chemicals created awareness of the need for ecofriendly and target-specific pesticides for mosquito control [29,30]. It is clearly proven that plant extracts and plant compounds are ecofriendly, target-specific, less expensive, and highly efficacious pesticides for the control of vector mosquitoes [31,32].
In the present study, the hexane extract of L. acidissima recorded the highest ovicidal activity of 79.2% and 60% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. Previously, some investigators studied the ovicidal activity of plant extracts against mosquito eggs. Elango et al [27] reported that Cocculus hirsutus methanol extract caused 86% and 100% ovicidal activity at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively against An. subpictus. In another study, 100% ovicidal activity was recorded by a methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata at 150 ppm concentration in An. stephensi eggs [33].
Furthermore, the same hexane extract of L. acidissima showed 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the tested concentrations (62.5–500 ppm) against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti adult females. Previously, some investigators reported the oviposition deterrent effect of plant extracts against vector mosquitoes. Coria et al [34] reported 100% oviposition deterrent effect obtained with Melia azedarach L. leaf extract at 1 g/L concentration against Ae. aegypti. Autran et al [35] recorded the oviposition deterrent effect of essential oil obtained from leaves, inflorescence, and stem of Piper marginatum Jacq. Their results showed that essential oil of leaves and stems of P. marginatum exhibited oviposition deterrent effect on Ae. aegypti females at 50 ppm and 100 ppm concentration and that the number of eggs laid was significantly lower (<50%) compared to control. Similarly, Prajapati et al [36] reported that the bark oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum reduced the oviposition of Ae. aegypti to 50% at 33.5 ppm concentration.
In conclusion, the hexane extract of L. acidissima was the most potent treatment against the two tested mosquito vectors. Based on these results, the hexane extract of L. acidissima could be used in vector mosquito control and may be further probed to isolate the active constituent responsible for the bioactivities.
The authors do not have any conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Entomology Research Institute for financial assistance. The authors would like to thank Mr. S. Mutheeswaran, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, India for his help in identifying plant materials.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 1. Aregawi M., Cibulskis R., Otten M.. World malaria report. 2008. WHO; Geneva: p 190.
  • 2. World Health Organization . Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the “Evaluation and Testing of Insecticides.”. 1996. WHO; Geneva: p 69.
  • 3. Rahuman A.A., Bagavan A., Kamaraj C.. Efficacy of the larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Dipetera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(6). 2009 Jun;1365−1372. PMID: 19198882.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Borah R., Kalita M.C., Kar A.. Larvicidal efficacy of Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Lam against two mosquito vector Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Afr J Biotechnol 9(16). 2010 Apr;2527−2530.
  • 5. Peng Z., Yang J., Wang H.. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to two new mosquitoes Aedes aegypti salivary proteins. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29(10). 1999 Oct;909−914. PMID: 10528410.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Karunamoorthy K., Ilango K., Murugan K.. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton. Parasitol Res 106(5). 2010 Apr;1217−1223. PMID: 20195634.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Akram D.S., Ahmed S.. Dengue fever. Infect Dis J 14:2005;124−125.
  • 8. Hendarto S.K., Hadinegoro S.R.. Dengue encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr Jap 34(3). 1992 Jun;350−357. PMID: 1509881.Article
  • 9. Pancharoen C., Kulwichit W., Tantawichien T.. Dengue infection: a global concern. J Med Assoc Thai 85(Suppl. 1). 2002 Jun;S25−33. PMID: 12188420.PubMed
  • 10. Holder P.. The mosquitoes of New Zealand and their animal disease significance. Surveillance 26(4). 1999;12−15.
  • 11. World Health Organization . Lymphatic filariasis. WHO Technical Report Series. 1984. WHO; Geneva: p 702
  • 12. National Institute of Communicable Diseases . Proceedings of the National Seminar on Operation Research on Vector Control in Filariasis. 1990. NICD; New Delhi.
  • 13. World Health Organization . Lymphatic filariasis. The disease and its control. WHO Technical Report Series. 1992. WHO; Geneva: p 821
  • 14. Wattanachai P., Tintanon B.. Resistance of Aedes aegypti to chemical compounds in aerosol insecticide products in different areas of Bangkok, Thailand. Commun Dis J 25(2). 1999 Jun;188−191.
  • 15. Liu H., Xu Q., Zhang L.. Chlorpyrifos resistance mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J Med Entomol 42(5). 2005 Sep;815−820. PMID: 16363165.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Amer A., Mehlhorn H.. Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99(4). 2006 Sep;466−472. PMID: 16642386.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Amer A., Mehlhorn H.. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 99(4). 2006 Sep;478−490. PMID: 16642384.ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Perrucci S., Cioni P.L., Cascella A.. Therapeutic efficacy of linalool for the topical treatment of parasitic otitis caused by Psoroptescuniculi in the rabbit and in the goat. Med Vet Entomol 11(3). 1997 Jul;300−302. PMID: 9330264.ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Roth G.N., Chandra A., Nair M.G.. Novel bioactivities of Curcuma longa constituents. J Nat Prod 61(4). 1998 Apr;542−545. PMID: 9584408.ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Momin R.A., Nair M.G.. Pest-managing efficacy of trans-asarone isolated from Daucuscarota L seeds. J Agric Food Chem 50(16). 2002 Jul;4475−4478. PMID: 12137463.ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Mohan L., Sharma P., Srivastava C.N.. Evaluation of Solanum xanthocarpum extracts as mosquito larvicides. J Environ Biol 26(Suppl. 2). 2005 Jun;399−401. PMID: 16334274.PubMed
  • 22. Souza T.M., Farias D.F., Soares B.M.. Toxicity of Brazilian plant seed extracts to two strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and non-target animals. J Med Entomol 48(4). 2011 Jul;846−851. PMID: 21845944.ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Govindarajan M., Jebanesan A., Pushpanathan T.. Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 102(2). 2008 Jan;289−292. PMID: 17989995.PubMed
  • 24. Markouk M., Bekkouche K., Larhsini M.. Evaluation of some Moroccan medicinal plant extracts for larvicidal activity. J Ethnophar 73(1-2). 2000 Nov;293−297.Article
  • 25. David M., Anstrom Xia Z., Cody N.. Mosquitocidal properties of natural product compounds isolated from Chinese herbs and synthetic analogs of curcumin. J Med Entomol 49(2). 2012 Mar;350−355. PMID: 22493854.ArticlePubMed
  • 26. Reegan A.D., Kinsalin A.V., Paulraj M.G.. Larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of marine sponge Cliona celata (Grant) extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). ISRN Entomology 2013 Oct;1−8. Article ID 315389, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/315389.
  • 27. Elango G., Bagavan A., Kamaraj C.. Oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal, and repellent activities of indigenous plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 105(6). 2009 Nov;1567−1576. PMID: 19707789.ArticlePubMed
  • 28. Rajkumar S., Jenanesan A.. Oviposition attractancy of Solunum aeriathum D. Don. leaf extract for Culex quinquefasciatus Say. J Exp Zoology India 5:2002;221−224.
  • 29. Nivsarkar M., Cherian B., Padh H.. Alpha-terthienyl. A plant derived new generation insecticide. Curr Sci 81(6). 2001 Sep;667−672.
  • 30. Muthu C., Reegan A.D., Kingsley S.. Larvicidal activity of pectolinaringenin from Clerodendrum phlomidis L. against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111(3). 2012 Sep;1059−1065. PMID: 22562213.ArticlePubMed
  • 31. Jang Y.S., Kim M.K., Ahn Y.J.. Larvicidal activity of Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens Pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Agric Chem Biotechnol 44:2002 Jun;23−26.
  • 32. Cavalcanti E.S.B., de Morais S.M., Ashley A.L.M.. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 99(5). 2004 Aug;541−544. PMID: 15543421.ArticlePubMed
  • 33. Panneerselvam C., Murugan K.. Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112(2). 2013 Feb;679−692. PMID: 23192528.ArticlePubMed
  • 34. Coria C., Almiron W., Valladares G.. Larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from Melia azedarach L. on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresour Tech 99(8). 2008 May;3066−3070.Article
  • 35. Autran E.S., Neves I.A., da Silva C.S.. Chemical composition, oviposition deterrent and larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti of essential oils from Piper marginatum Jacq. (Piperaceae). Bioresour Tech 100(7). 2009 Apr;2284−2288.Article
  • 36. Prajapati V., Tripathi A.K., Aggarwal K.K.. Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Biores Technol 96(16). 2005 Nov;1749−1757.Article
Table 1
Percent ovicidal activity of crude extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus eggs.
Mosquito species Plant Treatment Concentration (ppm)
62.5 125 250 500
Culex quinquefasciatus Aegle marmelos Hexane 7.1 ± 2.08b 14.4 ± 6.06b 22.4 ± 2.19b 53.6 ± 2.19b
Ethyl acetate 6.4 ± 2.19bc 9.6 ± 2.19bc 20.0 ± 2.82bc 43.2 ± 1.78c
Methanol 3.2 ± 1.78bcd 7.2 ± 1.78c 14.4 ± 2.19cd 28 ± 2.82ef
Limonia acidissima Hexane 17.6 ± 2.19a 36 ± 2.82a 56.8 ± 3.34a 79.2 ± 3.34a
Ethyl acetate 0cd 0.8 ± 1.78d 1.6 ± 3.57f 4.0 ± 2.82hi
Methanol 4 ± 2.82bcd 8.8 ± 3.34c 18.4 ± 2.19bcd 39.2 ± 1.38cd
Sphaeranthus indicus Hexane 3.2 ± 1.78bcd 7.2 ± 3.34c 13.6 ± 2.19cd 25.6 ± 2.19f
Ethyl acetate 2.4 ± 2.19bcd 7.2 ± 1.78c 14.4 ± 2.19cd 29.6 ± 2.19ef
Methanol 1.6 ± 2.19cd 4.8 ± 1.78cd 6.4 ± 2.19ef 15.2 ± 3.34g
Sphaeranthus amaranthaides Hexane 3 ± 2.73bcd 7.8 ± 3.03c 16 ± 4.48bcd 33 ± 2.73de
Ethyl acetate 4 ± 2.82bcd 8 ± 2.82c 15.2 ± 1.78cd 30.4 ± 2.19ef
Methanol 4 ± 2.82bcd 9.6 ± 2.19bc 16 ± 2.82bcd 32.8 ± 3.34de
Chromolaena odorata Hexane 3.2 ± 3.34bcd 6.4 ± 2.19c 12.8 ± 4.38de 24.8 ± 3.34f
Ethyl acetate 4 ± 2.82bcd 9.6 ± 2.19bc 19.2 ± 3.34bcd 42.4 ± 2.19c
Methanol 0cd 0d 4 ± 2.82f 9.6 ± 2.19gh
Control 1.6 ± 2.19cd 0.8 ± 1.78d 0.8 ± 1.78f 0i
Azadirachtin (10 ppm) 95.2 ± 1.78
Temephos (10 ppm) 46.4 ± 3.57

Data are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of five replicates; Means were separated by Tukey's test of multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

ppm = parts per million.

p ≤ 0.5, level of significance.

Results with same letters in the column are not significantly different.

Table 2
Percent ovicidal activity of crude extracts against Aedes aegypti eggs.
Mosquito species Plant Treatment Concentration (ppm)
62.5 125 250 500
Aedes aegypti Aegle marmelos Hexane 6.4 ± 1.78ab 13.6 ± 2.19b 26.4 ± 5.21a 48.8 ± 4.38b
Ethyl acetate 1.6 ± 2.19cd 5.6 ± 3.57c 10.4 ± 5.36b 24.8 ± 4.38c
Methanol 4 ± 2.82bc 7.2 ± 1.78c 11.2 ± 4.38b 24.8 ± 1.34c
Limonia acidissima Hexane 8 ± 2.82a 17.6 ± 2.19a 29.6 ± 2.19a 60 ± 2.82a
Ethyl acetate 2.4 ± 2.19cd 5.6 ± 1.19c 11.2 ± 1.78b 19.2 ± 3.34cd
Methanol 0d 0.8 ± 1.78e 4 ± 2.82cd 6.4 ± 1.34fg
Sphaeranthus indicus Hexane 0d 1.6 ± 2.19de 4.0 ± 2.82cd 8.8 ± 3.34ef
Ethyl acetate 0d 0e 0d 3.2 ± 1.78fg
Methanol 0d 0e 0.8 ± 1.78cd 2.4 ± 3.57fg
Sphaeranthus amaranthaides Hexane 0d 0e 2.4 ± 3.57cd 4.8 ± 4.38fg
Ethyl acetate 0d 0e 0d 0g
Methanol 0d 0.8 ± 1.78e 1.6 ± 2.19cd 3.2 ± 1.78fg
Chromolaena odorata Hexane 0d 0e 0.8 ± 2.19cd 3.2 ± 4.38fg
Ethyl acetate 1.6 ± 3.57cd 4.8 ± 3.34cd 6.4 ± 2.19bc 13.6 ± 2.19de
Methanol 0d 0e 0d 1.6 ± 2.19g
Control 0d 00.8 ± 1.78e 00.8 ± 1.78cd 1.6 ± 2.19g
Azadirachtin (10 ppm) 92.8 ± 3.34
Temephos (10 ppm) 44 ± 2.82

Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) of five replicates. Means are separated by Tukey's test of multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

ppm = parts per million.

p ≤ 0.5, level of significance.

Results with same letters in the column are not significantly different.

Table 3
Percent oviposition deterrent activity of crude extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus adult females.
Mosquito species Plant Treatment Concentration (ppm)
62.5 125 250 500
Culex quinquefasciatus Aegle marmelos Hexane 23.09 ± 2.22b 46.79 ± 1.30b 56.67 ± 0.95b 76.74 ± 1.02b
Ethyl acetate 8.73 ± 2.15c 20.25 ± 2.13c 32.87 ± 1.30c 47.56 ± 1.48c
Methanol 0e 4.24 ± 2.30f 11.91 ± 2.22ef 20.91 ± 1.65fg
Limonia acidissima Hexane 100a 100a 100a 100a
Ethyl acetate 2.81 ± 1.79d 8.50 ± 2.39de 20.68 ± 2.06d 30.01 ± 1.75e
Methanol 0e 5.11 ± 2.74f 11.80 ± 2.14f 17.74 ± 1.25g
Sphaeranthus indicus Hexane 0e 0g 0i 0i
Ethyl acetate 0e 0g 7.64 ± 1.55g 11.47 ± 1.75h
Methanol 0e 0g 0i 0i
Sphaeranthus amaranthaides Hexane 2.06 ± 1.21de 5.45 ± 1.62ef 9.93 ± 2.64fg 12.03 ± 1.63h
Ethyl acetate 0.32 ± 0.29de 9.29 ± 2.30d 15.10 ± 1.61e 22.31 ± 2.59f
Methanol 0e 0g 4.03 ± 1.42h 13.34 ± 2.07h
Chromolaena odorata Hexane 0e 0g 0i 0i
Ethyl acetate 0e 0g 0i 0i
Methanol 2.48 ± 2.01de 9.17 ± 1.75d 22.55 ± 1.54d 33.73 ± 1.88d
Azadirachtin (10 ppm) 86.29 ± 1.09
Temephos (10 ppm) 10.27 ± 1.75

Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD). Means are separated by Tukey's test of multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

p ≤ 0.5, level of significance.

ppm = parts per million.

Results with same letters in the column are not significantly different.

Table 4
Percent oviposition deterrent activity of crude extracts against Aedes aegypti adult females.
Mosquito species Plant Treatment Concentration (ppm)
62.5 125 250 500
Aedes aegypti Aegle marmelos Hexane 21.02 ± 2.11b 45.14 ± 1.69b 52.60 ± 1.77b 71.79 ± 1.57b
Ethyl acetate 3.04 ± 1.54d 7.20 ± 1.63d 13.56 ± 2.21e 31.22 ± 1.63d
Methanol 0e 0g 3.15 ± 1.62hi 13.01 ± 1.56g
Limonia acidissima Hexane 100a 100a 100a 100a
Ethyl acetate 1.20 ± 0.47de 6.44 ± 1.47de 18.06 ± 1.23d 27.71 ± 1.48e
Methanol 0e 1.84 ± 0.88fg 5.87 ± 2.46gh 10.88 ± 2.63gh
Sphaeranthus indicus Hexane 0e 0g 0i 0k
Ethyl acetate 0e 0g 2.59 ± 1.85i 4.34 ± 2.59i
Methanol 0e 0g 0i 0k
Sphaeranthus amaranthaides Hexane 2.27 ± 1.59de 3.90 ± 2.29ef 6.65 ± 1.79g 8.74 ± 1.68h
Ethyl acetate 2.07 ± 1.69de 4.14 ± 0.83ef 10.27 ± 1.75f 20.48 ± 0.83f
Methanol 0e 0g 0i 2.61 ± 1.13ij
Chromolaena odorata Hexane 0e 0g 0i 0k
Ethyl acetate 0e 0g 0i 0k
Methanol 9.93 ± 2.15c 15.41 ± 2.39c 25.53 ± 0.86c 38.23 ± 1.73c
Azadirachtin (10 ppm) 75.21 ± 0.86
Temephos (10 ppm) 4.05 ± 1.36

Data are the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Means are separated by Tukey's test of multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). p ≤ 0.5, level of significance.

ppm = parts per million.

Results with same letters in the column are not significantly different.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Oviposition Deterrent Activity of Some Wild Plants for Adult Females of Chrysomya albiceps with Medical and Veterinary Importance
      Usama Mohammed Abu El-Ghi, Abdullah Mohammed Salman Alh, Tarek Mohamed Yousry Els, Mohamed Abdel-Monem El-Sakhawy
      Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.2024; 27(1): 8.     CrossRef
    • Efficacy of plant products in controlling disease vector mosquitoes, a review
      V. Edwin Hillary, S. Antony Ceasar, S. Ignacimuthu
      Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata.2024; 172(3): 195.     CrossRef
    • Mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus
      I. Ilahi, A. M. Yousafzai, M. Attaullah, T. U. Haq, A. Rahim, W. Khan, A. A. Khan, S. Ullah, T. Jan, M. M. Khan, G. Rahim, N. Zaman
      Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Effects of biopesticides extracted with a homemade solvent on stored maize protection
      Henry Ofosuhene Sintim, Kwame Duodu Ansah
      Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica.2023; 56(1): 125.     CrossRef
    • Biological Activity of Cyclic Peptide Extracted from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Using De Novo Sequencing Strategy by Mass Spectrometry for Cancer
      Swarnalatha Yanamadala, Sivakumar Shanthirappan, Sidhika Kannan, Narendran Chiterasu, Kumaran Subramanian, Lamya Ahmed Al-Keridis, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay, Nawaf Alshammari, Mohd Saeed, Guru Prasad Srinivasan, Rohini Karunakaran
      Biology.2023; 12(3): 412.     CrossRef
    • Optimised neem oil-bilayer tablets: A safe, effective and stable tool for the prevention of vector-borne disease outbreaks by Aedes albopictus
      K.K. Swathy, C. Sarath Chandran, Minil Mukundan, K.R. Sreejith, K. Sourav, M.C. Jafna, Abhila V. Mukund, Shijina Kappally, Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Jim Joseph
      Experimental Parasitology.2023; 251: 108550.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of different high doses aqueous plant extracts for the sustainable control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under laboratory conditions
      Afaq Ahmad, Gul Zamin Khan, Misbah Ullah, Nazeer Ahmed, Kamran Sohail, Irfan Ullah, Najat A. Bukhari, Kahkashan Perveen, Ijaz Ali, Ke Li
      Journal of King Saud University - Science.2023; 35(11): 102991.     CrossRef
    • Ovicidal and oviposition deterrence properties of Tabernaemontana divaricata (Apocynaceae) against Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus in Sri Lanka
      W. M. S. H. Wijesundara, T. C. Weeraratne, W. A. Priyanka P. de Silva
      Arthropod-Plant Interactions.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Volatile toxin ofLimonia acidissima(L.) produced larvicidal, developmental, repellent, and adulticidal toxicity effects onAedes aegypti(L.)
      Muthiah Chellappandian, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Sengodan Karthi, Kandaswamy Kalaivani, Wayne Brian Hunter, Hayssam M. Ali, Mohamed Z. M. Salem, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
      Toxin Reviews.2022; 41(1): 119.     CrossRef
    • Chemical composition and mosquitocidal efficacy of panchagavya against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus
      Sivaji Sathiyaraj, Gunasekaran Suriyakala, Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi, Ranganathan Babujanarthanam, K. Kaviyarasu, R. Rajakrishnan, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Belle Ebanda Kedi Philippe
      Journal of King Saud University - Science.2022; 34(4): 101960.     CrossRef
    • Bioefficacy of Epaltes divaricata (L.) n-Hexane Extracts and Their Major Metabolites against the Lepidopteran Pests Spodoptera litura (fab.) and Dengue Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linn.)
      Kesavan Amala, Sengodan Karthi, Raja Ganesan, Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan, Kumaraswamy Srinivasan, Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mostafa, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Jawaher Alkahtani, Mohamed Soliman Elshikh, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasa
      Molecules.2021; 26(12): 3695.     CrossRef
    • Bio efficacy of Cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum verum essential oil against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
      K. Nakasen, A. Wongsrila, J. Prathumtet, P. Sriraj, T. Boonmars, T. Promsrisuk, N. Laikaew, R. Aukkanimart
      Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Ovicidal, larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus marisflavi against the chosen mosquito species
      Thelma J., Balasubramanian C., Jiang-Shiou Hwang
      PLOS ONE.2021; 16(12): e0260253.     CrossRef
    • Insecticidal activity and phytochemical analysis of Pyrus communis L. extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles pharoensis Theobald, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae)
      Ahmed Zeinhom Ibrahem Shehata, Rola Milad Labib, Mohammad Reda Kamel Abdel-Samad
      Polish Journal of Entomology.2021; 90(4 - Ahead ): 209.     CrossRef
    • Oviposition Deterrent Activity and Ovicidal Effect of Pometia pinnata Leaves Extract against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diftera: Culicidae)
      Luthfi Suharyo, Rizqulla K. Arthari, Fitria S.N. Rochmah, G. Gholib, A. Sutriana, A. Engelhardt, J. Duboscq, R. Sahara Zamzami
      E3S Web of Conferences.2020; 151: 01013.     CrossRef
    • Toxicological screening of marine red algae Champia parvula (C. Agardh) against the dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and its non-toxicity against three beneficial aquatic predators
      Parthiban Yogarajalakshmi, Thinnaur Venugopal Poonguzhali, Raja Ganesan, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Patcharin Krutmuang, Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan, Faruq Mohammad, Tae-Jin Kim, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
      Aquatic Toxicology.2020; 222: 105474.     CrossRef
    • Larvicidal and histopathological efficacy of inhabitant pathogenic bacterial strains to reduce the dengue vector competence
      Gopalan Rajagopal, Jeyaraj Jeyavani, Sakkanan Ilango
      Pest Management Science.2020; 76(11): 3587.     CrossRef
    • Artemisia vulgaris efficacies against various stages of Aedes aegypti
      Vika Ichsania Ninditya, Endah Purwati, Ajeng Tyas Utami, Aprillyani Sofa Marwaningtyaz, Nadia Khairunnisa Fairuz, Rini Widayanti, Penny Humaidah Hamid
      Veterinary World.2020; 13(7): 1423.     CrossRef
    • The potential use of Azolla pinnata as an alternative bio-insecticide
      Rajiv Ravi, Dinesh Rajendran, Wen-Da Oh, Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat, Zulhazman Hamzah, Intan H. Ishak, Mohamad Faiz Mohd Amin
      Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Ovicidal and Latent Effects of Pulicaria jaubertii (Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts on Aedes aegypti
      Ahmed Z. Shehata, Tarek M. El-Sheikh, Raafat M. Shaapan, Sobhy Abdel-Shafy, Abdullah D. Alanazi
      Journal of the American Mosquito Control Associati.2020; 36(3): 161.     CrossRef
    • Aspergillus flavus (Link) toxins reduces the fitness of dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and their non-target toxicity against aquatic predator
      Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Sengodan Karthi, Muthiah Chellappandian, Athirstam Ponsankar, Annamalai Thanigaivel, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Devarajan Chandramohan, Raja Ganesan
      Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 128: 281.     CrossRef
    • Toxic effect of essential oil and its compounds isolated from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm. f. against dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti Linn.
      Annamalai Thanigaivel, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Sengodan Karthi, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Athirstam Ponsankar, Haridoss Sivanesh, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Narayanan Shyam-Sundar, Kilapavoor Raman Narayanan, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
      Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2019; 160: 163.     CrossRef
    • A Review of the Bioactivity of Plant Products Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
      Fatehia Nasser Gharsan
      Journal of Entomological Science.2019; 54(3): 256.     CrossRef
    • Larvicidal, Histopathological, Antibacterial Activity of Indigenous Fungus Penicillium sp. Against Aedes aegypti L and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Zebrafish (Danio re
      Chinnasamy Ragavendran, Venkatesan Manigandan, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Govindasamy Balasubramani, Joy Sebastian Prakash, Pachiappan Perumal, Devarajan Natarajan
      Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Poly(Styrene Sulfonate)/Poly(Allylamine Hydrochloride) Encapsulation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Boosts Their Toxic and Repellent Activity Against Zika Virus Mosquito Vectors
      Kadarkarai Murugan, Anitha Jaganathan, Rajapandian Rajaganesh, Udaiyan Suresh, Jagan Madhavan, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Aruliah Rajasekar, Akon Higuchi, Suresh S. Kumar, Abdullah A. Alarfaj, Marcello Nicoletti, Riccardo Petrelli, Loredana Cappellacci,
      Journal of Cluster Science.2018; 29(1): 27.     CrossRef
    • Prevention and Control Strategies to Counter Zika Virus, a Special Focus on Intervention Approaches against Vector Mosquitoes—Current Updates
      Raj K. Singh, Kuldeep Dhama, Rekha Khandia, Ashok Munjal, Kumaragurubaran Karthik, Ruchi Tiwari, Sandip Chakraborty, Yashpal S. Malik, Rubén Bueno-Marí
      Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Bioefficacy of Duranta erecta leaf extract on yellow fever and dengue vector, Aedes aegypti Linn. in Nigeria
      Ekenma Julia Agwu, Ejikeme Gregory Odo, Felicia Ekeh, Michael Uwagbae, Godwin Ngwu, Chinelo Ehilegbu
      Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.2018; 12(11): 124.     CrossRef
    • Development of an eco-friendly mosquitocidal agent from Alangium salvifolium against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and its biosafety on the aquatic predator
      Annamalai Thanigaivel, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Edward-Sam Edwin, Athirstam Ponsankar, Selvaraj Selin-Rani, Muthiah Chellappandian, Kandaswamy Kalaivani, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Giovanni Benelli
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2018; 25(11): 10340.     CrossRef
    • A novel herbal product based on Piper betle and Sphaeranthus indicus essential oils: Toxicity, repellent activity and impact on detoxifying enzymes GST and CYP450 of Aedes aegypti Liston (Diptera: Culicidae)
      Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Muthiah Chellappandian, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Athirstam Ponsankar, Annamalai Thanigaivel, Sengodan Karthi, Edward-Sam Edwin, Selvaraj Selin-Rani, Kandaswamy Kalaivani, Filippo Maggi, Giovanni Benelli
      Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2018; 21(4): 1466.     CrossRef
    • Extract of Nicotiana tabacum as a potential control agent of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
      Souvic Sarker, Un Taek Lim, Miguel Lopez-Ferber
      PLOS ONE.2018; 13(8): e0198302.     CrossRef
    • Mosquito oviposition deterrents
      Essam Abdel-Saalam Shaalan, Deon Vahid Canyon
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2018; 25(11): 10207.     CrossRef
    • Suaeda maritima -based herbal coils and green nanoparticles as potential biopesticides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura
      Udaiyan Suresh, Kadarkarai Murugan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Rajapandian Rajaganesh, Mathath Roni, Al Thabiani Aziz, Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh, Subrata Trivedi, Hasibur Rehman, Suresh Kumar, Akon Higuchi, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli
      Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2018; 101: 225.     CrossRef
    • Orchids as Sources of Novel Nanoinsecticides? Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus and Zeuxine gracilis-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles Against Dengue, Malaria and Filariasis Mosquito Vectors
      Kalimuthu Kovendan, Balamurugan Chandramohan, Marimuthu Govindarajan, Arulsamy Jebanesan, Siva Kamalakannan, Savariar Vincent, Giovanni Benelli
      Journal of Cluster Science.2018; 29(2): 345.     CrossRef
    • Impact of Terminalia chebula Retz. against Aedes aegypti L. and non-target aquatic predatory insects
      Annamalai Thanigaivel, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Edward-Sam Edwin, Athirstam Ponsankar, Muthiah Chellappandian, Selvaraj Selin-Rani, Jalasteen Lija-Escaline, Kandaswamy Kalaivani
      Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2017; 137: 210.     CrossRef
    • Biocontrol Properties of Basidiomycetes: An Overview
      Subramaniyan Sivanandhan, Ameer Khusro, Michael Paulraj, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Naif AL-Dhabi
      Journal of Fungi.2017; 3(1): 2.     CrossRef
    • Adulticidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of essential oil from Zanthoxylum limonella Alston (Rutaceae) against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)
      Mayura Soonwera, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
      Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2017; 7(11): 967.     CrossRef
    • Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activities of Alizarin Isolated from Roots of Rubia cordifolia Against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
      M R Gandhi, A D Reegan, P Ganesan, K Sivasankaran, M G Paulraj, K Balakrishna, S Ignacimuthu, N A Al – Dhabi
      Neotropical Entomology.2016; 45(4): 441.     CrossRef
    • Inhibition and Larvicidal Activity of Phenylpropanoids from Piper sarmentosum on Acetylcholinesterase against Mosquito Vectors and Their Binding Mode of Interaction
      Arshia Hematpoor, Sook Yee Liew, Wei Lim Chong, Mohd Sofian Azirun, Vannajan Sanghiran Lee, Khalijah Awang, Youjun Zhang
      PLOS ONE.2016; 11(5): e0155265.     CrossRef
    • Fern-synthesized silver nanocrystals: Towards a new class of mosquito oviposition deterrents?
      Rajapandian Rajaganesh, Kadarkarai Murugan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Sudalaimani Jayashanthini, Al Thbiani Aziz, Mathath Roni, Udaiyan Suresh, Subrata Trivedi, Hasibur Rehman, Akon Higuchi, Marcello Nicoletti, Giovanni Benelli
      Research in Veterinary Science.2016; 109: 40.     CrossRef
    • Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: a systematic review
      Giovanni Benelli
      Parasitology Research.2015; 114(9): 3201.     CrossRef
    • Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)
      Mayura Soonwera
      Parasitology Research.2015; 114(12): 4531.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      Cite
      export Copy
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download

    PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives