Table 1General characteristics and the depression prevalence of study participants with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 753).
Characteristics |
Without depression
|
Moderate depression
|
Severe depression
|
p∗
|
16 < BDI, N (%) |
16 ≤ BDI < 24, N (%) |
BDI≥24, N (%) |
Overall |
536 (71.18) |
130 (17.26) |
87 (11.55) |
|
Gender |
Male |
332 (75.28) |
71 (16.10) |
38 (08.62) |
0.003 |
Female |
204 (65.38) |
59 (18.91) |
49 (15.71) |
|
Age (y) |
43–49 |
171 (73.71) |
40 (17.24) |
21 (09.05) |
0.023 |
50–59 |
209 (75.72) |
39 (14.13) |
28 (10.14) |
|
60–73 |
156 (63.67) |
51 (20.82) |
38 (15.51) |
|
Marital status |
Married |
493 (72.82) |
113 (16.69) |
71 (10.49) |
0.006 |
Single/divorced/widowed |
43 (56.58) |
17 (22.37) |
16 (21.05) |
|
Current job status |
Nonphysical labor |
178 (82.79) |
23 (10.70) |
14 (06.51) |
<0.001 |
Physical labor |
150 (73.53) |
36 (17.65) |
18 (08.82) |
|
No occupation |
208 (62.28) |
71 (21.26) |
55 (16.47) |
|
Monthly income |
≥1.5 million won |
415 (78.01) |
75 (14.10) |
42 (07.89) |
<0.001 |
<1.5 million won |
119 (54.59) |
55 (25.23) |
44 (20.18) |
|
Education duration (y) |
>9 |
343 (76.91) |
69 (15.47) |
34 (07.62) |
<0.001 |
≤9 |
193 (62.87) |
61 (19.87) |
53 (17.26) |
|
Diabetes duration (y) |
≤1 |
155 (73.11) |
33 (15.57) |
24 (11.32) |
0.751 |
2–5 |
277 (70.66) |
74 (18.88) |
41 (10.46) |
|
6–9 |
50 (69.44) |
11 (15.28) |
11 (15.28) |
|
≥10 |
54 (71.05) |
11 (14.47) |
11 (14.47) |
|
Medicine use†
|
No |
387 (75.73) |
78 (15.26) |
46 (09.00) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
149 (61.57) |
52 (21.49) |
41 (16.94) |
|
Current drinking |
285 (73.83) |
64 (16.58) |
37 (09.59) |
0.161 |
Current smoking |
No |
438 (72.88) |
95 (15.81) |
68 (11.31) |
0.082 |
Yes |
98 (64.47) |
35 (23.03) |
19 (12.50) |
|
Regular exercise |
Yes |
298 (77.20) |
73 (20.05) |
54 (14.84) |
<0.001 |
No |
237 (65.11) |
57 (14.77) |
31 (08.03) |
|
Obesity‡
|
280 (72.16) |
63 (16.24) |
45 (11.60) |
0.741 |
Abdominal obesity§
|
181 (69.62) |
45 (17.31) |
34 (13.08) |
0.633 |
Hypertension (yes) |
244 (68.73) |
66 (18.59) |
45 (12.68) |
0.371 |
Comorbid chronic diseases‖
|
27 (60.00) |
12 (26.67) |
6 (13.33) |
0.181 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) |
<6.5 |
364 (75.21) |
74 (15.29) |
46 (09.50) |
0.004 |
≥6.5 |
172 (63.94) |
56 (20.82) |
41 (15.24) |
|
LDL cholesterol |
<130 |
330 (71.43) |
75 (16.23) |
57 (12.34) |
0.437 |
≥130 |
203 (70.73) |
55 (19.16) |
29 (10.10) |
|
Menstrual status (in women) |
Premenopausal |
61 (85.92) |
5 (07.04) |
5 (07.04) |
<0.001 |
Postmenopausal |
143 (59.34) |
54 (22.41) |
44 (18.26) |
|
Dietary patterns¶
|
Vitamin B6 |
1.64 ± 0.54 |
1.63 ± 0.49 |
1.44 ± 0.63 |
<0.001 |
Vitamin B2 |
0.98 ± 0.37 |
0.98 ± 0.42 |
0.85 ± 0.40 |
0.001 |
Fiber |
6.21 ± 2.33 |
6.10 ± 2.07 |
5.33 ± 3.13 |
<0.001 |
Folate |
224.48 ± 96.06 |
210.54 ± 80.87 |
188.53 ± 120.34 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for depression among participants with diabetes (n = 753).
Variable |
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)∗
|
Moderate depression†
|
Severe depression†
|
Gender |
Men |
1 |
1 |
Women |
1.35 (0.92–1.99) |
2.10 (1.33–3.32) |
Age (y) |
43–49 |
1 |
1 |
50–59 |
0.80 (0.49–1.30) |
1.09 (0.60–1.99) |
60–73 |
1.40 (0.88–2.23) |
1.98 (1.12–3.53) |
Marital status |
Married |
1 |
1 |
Single/divorced/widowed |
1.73 (0.95–3.14) |
2.58 (1.38–4.83) |
Current job status |
Nonphysical labor |
1 |
1 |
Physical labor |
1.86 (1.05–3.27) |
1.53 (0.73–3.17) |
No occupation |
2.64 (1.59–4.40) |
3.36 (1.81–6.25) |
Monthly income |
≥1.5 million won |
1 |
1 |
<1.5 million won |
2.56 (1.71–3.83) |
3.65 (2.29–5.84) |
Education duration (y) |
>9 |
1 |
1 |
≤9 |
1.57 (1.07–2.31) |
2.77 (1.74–4.41) |
Diabetes duration (y) |
≤1 |
1 |
1 |
2–5 |
1.26 (0.80–1.98) |
0.96 (0.56–1.64) |
6–9 |
1.03 (0.49–2.19) |
1.42 (0.65–3.11) |
≥10 |
0.96 (0.45–2.02) |
1.32 (0.60–2.87) |
Medicine use‡
|
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.73 (1.16–2.58) |
2.32 (1.46–3.67) |
Current drinking |
No drinking |
1 |
1 |
Current drinking |
0.85 (0.58–1.25) |
0.65 (0.41–1.03) |
Current smoking |
No smoking |
1 |
1 |
Current smoking |
1.25 (0.72–2.17) |
1.65 (1.06–2.57) |
Regular exercise |
Yes |
1 |
1 |
No |
1.65 (1.10–2.37) |
2.19 (1.36–3.52) |
Obesity§
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Abnormal |
0.86 (0.59–1.26) |
0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
Abdominal obesity‖
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Abnormal |
1.05 (0.70–1.57) |
1.26 (0.79–2.00) |
Hypertension |
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.23 (0.84–1.81) |
1.28 (0.82–2.02) |
Comorbid chronic diseases¶
|
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.92 (0.94–3.90) |
1.40 (0.56–3.49) |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) |
<6.5 |
1 |
1 |
≥6.5 |
1.60 (1.08–2.37) |
1.89 (1.19–2.98) |
Menstrual status(in women) |
Premenopausal |
1 |
1 |
Postmenopausal |
4.61 (1.76–12.07) |
3.75 (1.42–9.93) |
Dietary patterns∗∗
|
Vitamin B6 |
1.09 (0.76–1.55) |
0.53 (0.32–0.89) |
Vitamin B2 |
1.18 (0.71–1.96) |
0.46 (0.22–0.93) |
Fiber |
1.00 (0.92–1.08) |
0.85 (0.76–0.96) |
Folate |
1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
Table 3Risk factors associated with depression among participants with diabetes (n = 753).
Variable |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)∗
|
Moderate depression†
|
Severe depression†
|
Gender |
Men |
1 |
1 |
Women |
1.25 (0.69–2.26) |
1.36 (0.68–2.73) |
Age (y) |
43–49 |
1 |
1 |
50–59 |
0.80 (0.47–1.36) |
0.89 (0.46–1.72) |
60–73 |
0.84 (0.45–1.55) |
0.67 (0.31–1.45) |
Marital status |
Married |
1 |
1 |
Single/divorced/widowed |
0.85 (0.41–1.77) |
1.14 (0.53–2.43) |
Current job status |
Nonphysical labor |
1 |
1 |
Physical labor |
1.55 (0.84–2.86) |
1.22 (0.56–2.65) |
No occupation |
2.31 (1.17–4.54) |
1.95 (0.87–4.36) |
Monthly income |
≥1.5 million won |
1 |
1 |
<1.5 million won |
2.07 (1.23–3.48) |
2.46 (1.35–4.46) |
Education duration (y) |
>9 |
1 |
1 |
≤9 |
1.04 (0.64–1.69) |
1.62 (0.91–2.89) |
Diabetes duration (y) |
≤1 |
1 |
1 |
2–5 |
0.89 (0.53–1.49) |
0.67 (0.35–1.29) |
6–9 |
0.46 (0.18–1.18) |
0.61 (0.22–1.72) |
≥10 |
0.33 (0.12–0.87) |
0.42 (0.14–1.24) |
Medicine use‡
|
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
2.05 (1.18–3.55) |
2.20 (1.13–4.29) |
Current drinking |
No drinking |
1 |
1 |
Current drinking |
0.97 (0.59–1.59) |
0.99 (0.551.78) |
Current smoking |
No smoking |
1 |
1 |
Current smoking |
2.40 (1.384.17) |
2.46 (1.23–4.90) |
Regular exercise |
Yes |
1 |
1 |
No |
1.46 (0.96–2.23) |
1.70 (1.02–2.82) |
Obesity§
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Abnormal |
0.77 (0.50–1.19) |
0.89 (0.53–1.48) |
Abdominal obesity‖
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Abnormal |
0.98 (0.57–1.70) |
1.01 (0.52–1.99) |
Hypertension |
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.15 (0.74–1.78) |
1.05 (0.63–1.77) |
Comorbid chronic diseases¶
|
No |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.50 (0.68–3.29) |
0.88 (0.30–2.53) |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) |
<6.5 |
1 |
1 |
≥6.5 |
1.38 (0.84–2.27) |
1.68 (0.93–3.01) |
Dietary patterns |
Vitamin B6 |
1.85 (0.64–5.39) |
1.04 (0.28–3.92) |
Vitamin B2 |
1.90 (0.74–4.89) |
1.11 (0.32–3.83) |
Fiber |
1.13 (0.91–1.42) |
0.89 (0.67–1.19) |
Folate |
0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |