Figure 1Map of the study area.
Table 1Socio-demographic characteristics (N = 410).
Characteristics |
n (%) |
Exposed (%) |
Not exposed (%) |
p
|
Age (y) |
0.683*
|
18–24 |
47 (11.5) |
19 (4.6) |
28 (6.8) |
|
25–50 |
300 (73.2) |
106 (25.8) |
194 (47.4) |
|
≥ 50 |
63 (15.3) |
25 (6.1) |
38 (9.3) |
|
|
Marital status |
0.652*
|
Single |
55 (13.4) |
22 (5.4) |
33 (8.0) |
|
Married |
355 (86.6) |
128 (31.2) |
227 (55.4) |
|
|
Education |
< 0.001*
|
No formal schooling |
21 (5.1) |
16 (3.9) |
5 (1.4) |
|
Primary |
82 (20.0) |
49 (11.8) |
33 (8.2) |
|
Secondary |
153 (37.4) |
59 (14.5) |
94 (22.3) |
|
College |
53 (12.9) |
16 (3.9) |
37 (9.2) |
|
University |
101 (24.6) |
10 (2.6) |
91 (22.2) |
|
|
Employment |
0.421†
|
Employed |
298 (72.7) |
113 (27.5) |
185 (45.1) |
|
Unemployed |
112 (27.3) |
37 (9.1) |
75 (18.3) |
|
|
Family income (BDT) |
< 0.001*
|
Low income group |
124 (30.2) |
52 (12.7) |
72 (17.5) |
|
Moderate income group |
186 (45.4) |
78 (19.0) |
108 (26.4) |
|
High income group |
100 (24.4) |
20 (4.9) |
80 (19.5) |
|
|
No. of Children in the Household |
0.945 *
|
1 child |
123 (30.0) |
44 (10.6) |
79 (19.6) |
|
2–4 children |
272 (63.3) |
100 (24.4) |
172 (41.7) |
|
5 or more children |
15 (3.7) |
6 (1.5) |
9 (2.2) |
|
|
Type of housing |
< 0.001*
|
Building |
121 (29.5) |
34 (8.3) |
87 (21.2) |
|
Tin shade house |
282 (68.8) |
115 (28.0) |
167 (40.8) |
|
Fence/slum |
71.7 (1.7) |
1 (0.2) |
6 (1.5) |
|
Table 2Smoker’s characteristics (N = 109).
Characteristic |
n
|
% |
Frequency of smoking |
Regularly |
79 |
72.5 |
Occasionally |
30 |
27.5 |
|
Starting age of smoking (y) |
≤ 10 |
4 |
3.7 |
11–15 |
7 |
6.4 |
16–20 |
39 |
35.7 |
21–25 |
22 |
20.2 |
26–30 |
21 |
19.3 |
≥ 30 |
7 |
6.4 |
Unable to recall |
9 |
8.3 |
|
Form of tobacco |
Manufactured cigarettes |
102 |
93.6 |
Unprocessed cigarette (Bidi) |
5 |
4.6 |
Both Cigarette and Bidi |
2 |
1.8 |
|
Cigarettes smoked every day (no.) |
≤ 5 |
61 |
56.0 |
5–10 |
32 |
29.4 |
10–15 |
5 |
4.5 |
≥ 15 |
11 |
10.1 |
|
Place of tobacco purchase |
Local shop |
100 |
91.7 |
Street vendor |
8 |
7.4 |
Other |
1 |
0.9 |
Table 3Characteristics of smoking practices in the household (N = 410).
Characteristic |
n
|
% |
Smoking allowed inside the household |
|
|
Yes |
191 |
46.6 |
No |
219 |
53.4 |
|
Designated smoking areas in the household |
|
|
Yes |
22 |
5.4 |
No |
388 |
94.6 |
|
Frequency of smoking inside the household |
|
|
Daily |
93 |
22.7 |
Weekly |
23 |
5.6 |
Monthly |
17 |
4.2 |
Occasionally |
58 |
14.2 |
Never |
219 |
53.3 |
|
Smoking in front of a child inside the household |
|
|
Yes |
77 |
18.8 |
No |
333 |
81.2 |
|
Purchase of tobacco for a household member by a child |
|
|
Yes |
18 |
4.4 |
No |
392 |
95.6 |
Table 4Univariate and multivariate analysis to determine the association of the independent (secondhand smoking) and dependent variables (N = 410).
Dependent variables |
n (%) |
Unadjusted univariate analysis |
Adjusted* multivariate analysis |
|
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
Smoker present in the household |
No |
238 (58.04) |
Reference |
Yes |
171 (41.70) |
70.050 (35.722–137.365) |
< 0.001 |
48.382 (20.18–115.959) |
< 0.001 |
|
Education |
No formal schooling |
21 (5.12) |
Reference |
Primary school completed |
82 (20.00) |
0.464 (0.155–1.390) |
0.170 |
0.655 (0.100– 4.286) |
0.659 |
Secondary school completed |
153 (36.58) |
0.196 (0.068 –0.564) |
0.002 |
0.370 (0.057–2.406) |
0.298 |
College completed |
53 (12.92) |
0.135 (0.042–0.432) |
0.001 |
0.255 (0.033–2.001) |
0.194 |
University completed |
101 (24.63) |
0.034 (0.010–0.114) |
< 0.001 |
0.106 (0.013–0.843) |
0.034 |
|
Smoke free rules in the household |
Low implementation |
58 (14.14) |
Reference |
High implementation |
351 (85.60) |
0.006 (0.001–0.046) |
< 0.001 |
0.012 (0.001–0.116) |
< 0.001 |
|
Social norms and culture |
Low influence |
19 (4.63) |
Reference |
Moderate influence |
86 (20.97) |
0.966 (0.357–2.614) |
0.946 |
0.172 (0.025–1.155) |
0.070 |
High influence |
304 (74.14) |
0.550 (0.217–1.396) |
0.209 |
0.135 (0.023–0.804) |
0.028 |
|
Knowledge of secondhand smoking |
Low |
74 (18.04) |
Reference |
Moderate |
262 (63.90) |
0.418 (0.248–0.705) |
0.001 |
0.385 (0.149–0.997) |
0.049 |
High |
73 (17.80) |
0.239 (0.117–0.485) |
< 0.001 |
0.729 (0.217–2.450) |
0.609 |