Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
© 2021 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Statement | Responses suggestive of vaccine hesitancy |
---|---|
My religion/physiology/culture recommends against vaccination. | Agree or strongly agree |
Some groups or influential people are against vaccination for different reasons. Do you agree or disagree with these groups of people? | Agree or strongly agree |
It is important for me to get recommended vaccines for myself and my children. | Disagree or strongly disagree |
Have you ever declined vaccination for your children? | Yes |
Characteristic | Results (n=4,164) |
---|---|
Demographic profile | |
Age (y) | 37.0 (31.0–45.0) |
Sex | |
Male | 1,200 (28.8) |
Female | 2,964 (71.2) |
Ethnicity | |
Malay | 2,276 (54.7) |
Chinese | 1,309 (31.4) |
Indian | 285 (6.8) |
Others | 294 (7.1) |
Highest education level | |
Up to high school education/technical skills/diploma or equivalent | 1,061 (25.5) |
Tertiary education | 3,103 (74.5) |
Average monthly household income | |
<MYR 5,000 | 1,731 (41.6) |
≥MYR 5,000 | 2,433 (58.4) |
Live with elderly/children/pregnant woman | |
Yes | 2,570 (61.7) |
No | 1,594 (38.2) |
Occupation | |
Healthcare workers | 1,298 (31.2) |
Non-healthcare workers | 2,866 (68.8) |
COVID-19 experience | |
History of contracting COVID-19 infection | |
Yes | 16 (0.4) |
No | 4,148 (99.6) |
Known any family members or friends infected with COVID-19 | |
Yes | 272 (6.5) |
No | 3,892 (93.5) |
Statement | Result (n=4,164) |
---|---|
My religion/philosophy/culture recommends against vaccination | |
Agree | 348 (8.4) |
Disagree | 3,816 (91.6) |
Some groups or influential people are against vaccination for different reasons. Do you agree or disagree with these groups of people? | |
Agree | 290 (7.0) |
Disagree | 3,874 (93.0) |
It is important for me to get recommended vaccines for myself and my children | |
Agree | 3,917 (94.1) |
Disagree | 247 (5.9) |
Have you ever declined vaccination for your children? | |
Yes | 21 (0.5) |
No | 2,788 (67.0) |
Not applicable | 1,355 (32.5) |
Vaccine hesitancy | |
Probable | 137 (3.3) |
Not likely | 4,027 (96.7) |
Perception of risk and severity | Result (n=4,164) | |
---|---|---|
How likely is it for a Malaysian resident to get infected by COVID-19 during this pandemic? | ||
High | 2,061 (49.5) | |
Medium | 1,615 (38.8) | |
Low | 488 (11.7) | |
What is the risk for you to get infected by COVID-19 during this pandemic? | ||
High | 1,491 (35.8) | |
Medium | 1,448 (34.8) | |
Low | 1,225 (29.4) | |
If you were infected with COVID-19, how seriously do you think it would affect your health? | ||
Severe | 2,768 (66.5) | |
Moderate | 1,052 (25.3) | |
Mild | 344 (8.3) |
Reason | Result (n=282) |
---|---|
I am concerned that the vaccine has not been tested adequately | 219 (77.7) |
I am concerned regarding the effectiveness of the vaccine | 180 (63.8) |
I am afraid of the side effects | 161 (57.1) |
I am concerned that taking the COVID-19 vaccine will cause me to get the disease | 47 (16.7) |
I think my chances of being infected are low | 42 (14.9) |
I am afraid of pain | 21 (7.4) |
COVID-19 will only cause a mild illness | 21 (7.4) |
Characteristic | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | p | |
Age (y) | 0.96 | 0.95–0.97 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | <0.001 |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Male | 0.74 | 0.58–0.96 | 0.023 |
1.10 | 0.82–1.49 | 0.633 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Malay | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Chinese | 0.42 | 0.33–0.55 | <0.001 |
0.39 | 0.29–0.52 | <0.001 |
Indian | 0.40 | 0.27–0.62 | <0.001 |
0.47 | 0.29–0.77 | 0.004 |
Others | 1.00 | 0.58–1.89 | 0.706 | 1.05 | 0.57–2.07 | 0.808 |
Education level | ||||||
Secondary education and below | 1 (reference) | |||||
Tertiary education | 0.85 | 0.64–1.13 | 0.27 | |||
Average monthly household income | ||||||
<MYR 5,000 | 1 (reference) | |||||
≥MYR 5,000 | 0.86 | 0.67–1.11 | 0.248 | |||
Live with elderly, children, or pregnant woman | ||||||
No | 1 (reference) | |||||
Yes | 1.21 | 0.95–1.54 | 0.126 | |||
Occupation | ||||||
Non-healthcare workers | 1 (reference) | |||||
Healthcare workers | 1.25 | 0.95–1.64 | 0.113 | |||
History of contracted COVID-19 | ||||||
No | 1 (reference) | |||||
Yes | 0.51 | 0.14–3.24 | 0.296 | |||
Known any family members of friends infected with COVID-19 | ||||||
No | 1 (reference) | |||||
Yes | 1.26 | 0.76–2.25 | 0.394 | |||
Likelihood of vaccine hesitancy sentiments | ||||||
High | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Low | 15.8 | 12.2–20.64 | <0.001 |
12.92 | 8.70–19.18 | <0.001 |
How likely it is for a Malaysian resident to get infected by COVID-19 during this pandemic | ||||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Medium | 2.17 | 1.59–2.95 | <0.001 |
1.38 | 0.93–2.04 | 0.028 |
High | 3.94 | 2.84–5.47 | <0.001 |
2.02 | 1.29–3.14 | <0.001 |
What level of risk do you think you have of catching COVID-19 during this pandemic? | ||||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Medium | 1.81 | 1.36–2.41 | <0.001 |
1.27 | 0.90–1.79 | 0.248 |
High | 2.42 | 1.79–3.30 | <0.001 |
1.20 | 0.81–1.78 | 0.433 |
If you were infected with COVID-19, how seriously do you think it would affect your health? | ||||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Medium | 1.88 | 1.30–2.69 | <0.001 |
1.26 | 0.82–1.92 | 0.023 |
High | 3.52 | 2.49–4.92 | <0.001 |
2.28 | 1.50–3.41 | <0.001 |
Statement | Result (n=4,164) |
---|---|
I can readily accept the mild side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. | |
Agree | 2,867 (68.9) |
Not sure | 714 (17.1) |
Disagree | 583 (14.0) |
The COVID-19 vaccine will stop the virus transmission. | |
Agree | 2,397 (57.6) |
Not sure | 1,230 (29.5) |
Disagree | 537 (12.9) |
Only high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, elderly and those with underlying medical conditions need to be vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine. | |
Agree | 1,069 (25.7) |
Not sure | 449 (10.8) |
Disagree | 2,646 (63.5) |
I am confident in taking the COVID-19 vaccine if it is advocated by the Malaysian government. | |
Agree | 3,674 (88.2) |
Not sure | 333 (8.0) |
Disagree | 157 (3.8) |
The country of origin of the COVID-19 vaccine will influence my decision to take it. | |
Agree | 1,285 (30.9) |
Not sure | 1,031 (24.8) |
Disagree | 1,848 (44.4) |
The COVID-19 vaccine needs to be certified halal before I will take it. | |
Agree | 1,818 (43.7) |
Not sure | 516 (12.4) |
Disagree | 1,830 (43.9) |
The cost of the vaccine will affect my decision to take it. | |
Agree | 2,245 (53.9) |
Not sure | 807 (19.4) |
Disagree | 1,112 (26.7) |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; MYR, Malaysian ringgit.
Data are presented as
Data are presented as COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
Data are presented as COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; MYR, Malaysian ringgit. R2=0.140, variance inflation factor<2, No interactions among covariates. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test: χ2=4.7023, df=6,
Data are presented as COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.