Table 1Distribution of absolute and relative frequency of demographic information and the history of CL in the 2 groups before the intervention.
Variables |
|
Intervention group number (%) |
Control group number (%) |
p
|
Gender |
Male |
34 (50) |
34 (50) |
1*
|
Female |
34 (50) |
34 (50) |
|
Grade |
10th
|
34 (50) |
34 (50) |
1*
|
11th
|
34 (50) |
34 (50) |
|
Father’s education level |
Illiterate |
2 (3) |
3 (3.5) |
0.004†
|
Primary and junior high school |
39 (59.5) |
19 (28.9) |
High school and diploma |
19 (28.8) |
28 (42.4) |
≥ Diploma and academic |
6 (9.1) |
16 (24.2) |
|
Mother’s education level |
Illiterate |
2 (2.9) |
1 (1.5) |
0.106†
|
Primary and junior high school |
38 (55.9) |
24 (36.9) |
High school and diploma |
18 (26.5) |
22 (33.9) |
≥ Diploma and academic |
10 (14.7) |
18 (27.7) |
|
Place of residence status |
Newly built apartment |
6 (10.7) |
15 (22.4) |
0.076†
|
Renovated apartment |
3 (5.4) |
4 (6) |
Old apartment |
4 (7.1) |
14 (20.19) |
Newly built free-standing house |
18 (32.2) |
15 (22.4) |
Renovated free-standing house |
14 (25) |
12 (17.9) |
Old free-standing house |
11 (19.6) |
7 (10.4) |
|
Place of residence |
Suburb |
21 (30.9) |
21 (31.3) |
0.954*
|
Downtown |
47 (69.1) |
46 (68.7) |
|
Experience of with CL disease |
I have had CL disease |
0 |
1 (1.6) |
0.039†
|
I have a previous history of CL |
0 |
5 (8.1) |
I do not have a previous history of CL |
64 (100) |
56 (90.3) |
|
CL disease in the family |
A family member has had CL disease |
1 (1.5) |
1 (1.6) |
0.481†
|
One of my family members has a previous history of CL |
2 (3.1) |
5 (7.9) |
No previous history of CL in my family |
62 (95.4) |
57 (90.5) |
|
Hearing the name of the disease, or seeing a person with CL |
Yes |
33 (49.3) |
28 (42.4) |
0.429*
|
No |
34 (50.7) |
38 (57.6) |
|
Keeping livestock in or around the house |
Yes |
6 (13) |
8 (17.4) |
0.562*
|
No |
40 (87) |
38 (82.6) |
|
Age (y) |
Mean ± SD |
0.98 ± 16.31 |
0.53 ± 16.74 |
0.001‡
|
Table 2The Influence of HBM and BASNEF model constructs on preventive behavior against CL, based on multiple linear regression model in the target group before educational intervention.
Construct (independent variable) |
Dependent variable |
Non-standardized coefficient (B) |
Standard error |
Standardized coefficient (β) |
R2
|
p
|
Perceived susceptibility |
Behavior |
0.187 |
0.159 |
0.141 |
0.35 |
0.24 |
Perceived severity |
−0.026 |
0.088 |
−0.035 |
0.76 |
Perceived benefits |
0.077 |
0.299 |
0.026 |
0.79 |
Perceived barriers |
−0.293 |
0.257 |
−0.119 |
0.25 |
Self-efficacy |
0.580 |
0.184 |
0.325 |
0.002 |
Cues to action |
0.252 |
0.061 |
0.430 |
0.001 |
Knowledge |
Behavior |
−0.135 |
0.351 |
−0.040 |
0.24 |
0.70 |
Attitude |
0.061 |
0.050 |
0.148 |
0.22 |
Subjective norms |
−0.004 |
0.320 |
−0.013 |
0.91 |
Behavioral intention |
0.057 |
0.119 |
0.060 |
0.63 |
Enabling factors |
0.364 |
0.107 |
0.402 |
0.001 |
Table 3Mean and standard deviation of the HBM and the BASNEF model constructs in the 2 intervention and control groups at the pre and post-intervention phases.
Construct |
Research phase |
Mean ± SD |
p
|
|
Control |
Intervention |
Knowledge |
Pre-intervention |
5.16 ± 1.28 |
5.32 ± 1.40 |
0.55*
|
Post-intervention |
4.95 ± 1.36 |
7.42 ± 1.17 |
0.001†
|
p
|
0.10‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Perceived susceptibility |
Pre-intervention |
12.27 ± 4.22 |
12.06 ± 3.48 |
0.77 *
|
Post-intervention |
12.20 ± 4.13 |
17.06 ± 3.44 |
0.001†
|
p
|
0.67‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Perceived severity |
Pre-intervention |
17.75 ± 7.45 |
19.01 ± 5.01 |
0.35 *
|
Post-intervention |
17.32 ± 7.06 |
24.52 ± 5.10 |
0.001†
|
p
|
0.09‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Perceived benefits |
Pre-intervention |
7.21 ± 1.68 |
7.34 ± 1.96 |
0.71 *
|
Post-intervention |
7.28 ± 1.76 |
9.24 ± 1.68 |
0.001†
|
p
|
0.82‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Perceived barriers |
Pre-intervention |
8.71 ± 2.45 |
8.01 ± 2.11 |
0.14 *
|
Post-intervention |
8.44 ± 2.50 |
8.41 ± 2.55 |
0.89†
|
p
|
0.23‡
|
0.39‡
|
|
|
Cues to action |
Pre-intervention |
10.97 ± 8.04 |
10.68 ± 7.70 |
0.85 *
|
Post-intervention |
11.18 ± 8.19 |
15.39 ± 7.21 |
0.002 †
|
p
|
0.32‡
|
0.002‡
|
|
|
Self-efficacy |
Pre-intervention |
9.25 ± 2.55 |
9.22 ± 2.94 |
0.96 *
|
Post-intervention |
9.22 ± 2.47 |
11.91 ± 2.86 |
0.001 †
|
p
|
0.37‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Attitude |
Pre-intervention |
24.51 ± 13.13 |
23.29 ± 10.23 |
0.62 *
|
Post-intervention |
24.06 ± 12.53 |
31.73 ± 7.07 |
0.001 †
|
p
|
0.87‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Subjective norms |
Pre-intervention |
30.97 ± 14.92 |
29.23 ± 17.27 |
0.60 *
|
Post-intervention |
28.27 ± 16.62 |
36.88 ± 11.52 |
0.002 †
|
p
|
0.08‡
|
0.006‡
|
|
|
Behavioral intention |
Pre-intervention |
18.44 ± 4.12 |
19.18 ± 5.02 |
0.46 *
|
Post-intervention |
18.57 ± 4.81 |
25.79 ± 3.86 |
0.001 †
|
p
|
0.42‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Enabling factors |
Pre-intervention |
12.45 ± 5.31 |
11.95 ± 4.93 |
0.62 *
|
Post-intervention |
12.07 ± 6.01 |
14.83 ± 3.47 |
0.001 †
|
p
|
0.13‡
|
0.001‡
|
|
|
Behavior |
Pre-intervention |
8.56 ± 5.09 |
8.42 ± 4.27 |
0.88 *
|
Post-intervention |
9.23 ± 5.22 |
12.18 ± 3.35 |
0.001 †
|
p
|
0.87 ‡
|
0.001 ‡
|
|