Table 1Self-care agency and health-related self-efficacy according to characteristics of participants (n = 116).
Variable |
Category |
n (%) |
Self-care agency |
Health-related self-efficacy |
|
|
Mean ± SD |
t/F (p) |
Scheffé |
Mean ± SD |
t/F (p) |
Scheffé |
Age (y) (55.72 ± 12.35) |
20–39a |
13 (11.2) |
3.14 ± 0.68 |
0.11 (0.893) |
|
2.71 ± 0.57 |
8.92 (< 0.001) |
b, c < a |
40–59b |
53 (45.7) |
3.15 ± 0.61 |
|
1.95 ± 0.65 |
|
60–79c |
50 (43.1) |
3.09 ± 0.64 |
|
1.88 ± 0.65 |
|
|
Gender |
Male |
60 (51.7) |
3.21 ± 0.63 |
1.65 (0.102) |
|
2.12 ± 0.65 |
1.91 (0.059) |
|
Female |
56 (48.3) |
3.02 ± 0.61 |
|
1.88 ± 0.70 |
|
|
Educational status |
≤ High school |
73 (62.9) |
2.99 ± 0.61 |
−3.01 (0.003) |
|
1.89 ± 0.62 |
−2.51 (0.014) |
|
≥ University |
43 (37.1) |
3.34 ± 0.60 |
|
2.21 ± 0.74 |
|
|
Family member |
Spouse and children |
38 (32.8) |
3.16 ± 0.55 |
0.75 (0.473) |
|
2.04 ± 0.67 |
0.54 (0.948) |
|
Spouse or children |
39 (33.6) |
3.19 ± 0.65 |
|
1.99 ± 0.72 |
|
Single |
39 (33.6) |
3.02 ± 0.67 |
|
2.00 ± 0.68 |
|
|
Smoking (currently) |
No |
66 (56.9) |
3.15 ± 0.69 |
−0.69 (0.494) |
|
2.08 ± 0.74 |
−1.23 (0.222) |
|
Yes |
50 (43.1) |
3.08 ± 0.53 |
|
1.92 ± 0.59 |
|
|
Drinking |
No |
53 (45.7) |
3.09 ± 0.64 |
0.44 (0.658) |
|
2.05 ± 0.73 |
− 0.65 (0.516) |
|
Yes |
63 (54.3) |
3.14 ± 0.62 |
|
1.97 ± 0.64 |
|
|
Virus type |
Hepatitis B |
45 (38.8) |
3.15 ± 0.65 |
0.41 (0.683) |
|
2.06 ± 0.71 |
0.70 (0.483) |
|
Hepatitis C |
71 (61.2) |
3.10 ± 0.61 |
|
1.97 ± 0.66 |
|
|
Virus detection |
Not detected |
59 (50.9) |
3.20 ± 0.68 |
1.46 (0.148) |
|
2.03 ± 0.70 |
0.33 (0.745) |
|
Detected |
57 (49.1) |
3.04 ± 0.55 |
|
1.99 ± 0.67 |
|
|
Antiviral agents |
Not taking |
59 (50.9) |
3.11 ± 0.55 |
−0.17 (0.869) |
|
1.94 ± 0.54 |
−1.14 (0.255) |
|
Taking |
57 (49.1) |
3.13 ± 0.70 |
|
2.08 ± 0.80 |
|
|
Comorbidity |
No |
22 (19.0) |
3.17 ± 0.62 |
0.28 (0.758) |
|
1.99 ± 0.60 |
0.05 (0.955) |
|
Disease related to liver (Liver cirrhosis, Fatty liver) |
65 (56.0) |
3.08 ± 0.59 |
|
2.02 ± 0.71 |
|
Disease unrelated to liver (DM, HT et al) |
29 (25.0) |
3.17 ± 0.73 |
|
1.98 ± 0.71 |
|
Table 2Descriptive statistics of self-care agency and health-related self-efficacy (n = 116).
Variables (unit / No. of items) |
Mean ± SD |
Actual range |
Potential range |
Self-care agency (15) |
3.12 ± 0.63 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
Lacking power for self-care (4) |
3.61 ± 0.93 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
Having power for self-care (6) |
2.97 ± 0.87 |
1.33 – 5.00 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
Developing power for self-care (5) |
2.78 ± 0.83 |
1.00 – 4.40 |
1.00 – 5.00 |
Health related self-efficacy (24) |
2.01 ± 0.68 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Stress (3) |
2.14 ± 0.94 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Health practice (3) |
2.09 ± 0.97 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Nutrition (3) |
2.01 ± 0.78 |
0.33 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Exercise (7) |
1.99 ± 0.80 |
0.29 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Illness (5) |
1.95 ± 0.84 |
0.40 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Emotion (3) |
1.86 ± 0.98 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
0.00 – 4.00 |
Table 3Correlation between self-care agency and health-related self-efficacy (n = 116).
|
Self-care agency |
Health-related self-efficacy |
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
1. Having power for self-care |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Developing power for self-care |
0.62***
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Lacking power for self-care |
−0.12 |
−0.20*
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. Exercise |
0.41***
|
0.36***
|
−0.36***
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Illness |
0.52***
|
0.48***
|
−0.20*
|
0.60***
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
6. Emotion |
0.41***
|
0.50***
|
−0.20*
|
0.43***
|
0.60***
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
7. Nutrition |
0.43***
|
0.49***
|
−0.20*
|
0.46***
|
0.52***
|
0.40***
|
1 |
|
|
|
8. Stress |
0.44***
|
0.36***
|
−0.14 |
0.46***
|
0.59***
|
0.59***
|
0.35***
|
1 |
|
|
9. Health practice |
0.45***
|
0.51***
|
−0.44***
|
0.55***
|
0.54***
|
0.54***
|
0.53***
|
0.53***
|
1 |
Table 4Canonical correlation between self-care agency variables and health-related self-efficacy variables (n = 116).
|
Canonical |
Variate |
|
|
1 |
2 |
Set 1: Self-care agency variables |
|
Having power for self-care |
0.85 |
0.42 |
|
Developing power for self-care |
0.92 |
0.08 |
|
Lacking power for self-care |
−0.29 |
−0.82 |
|
% redundancies |
13.28 |
3.99 |
|
Set 2: Health-related self-efficacy variables |
|
Exercise |
0.66 |
0.05 |
|
Illness |
0.76 |
0.35 |
|
Emotion |
0.75 |
0.18 |
|
Nutrition |
0.81 |
0.16 |
|
Stress |
0.60 |
0.72 |
|
Health practice |
0.85 |
0.09 |
|
% redundancies |
13.38 |
1.08 |
|
Canonical correlation |
0.65 |
0.42 |
|
Significance test: F (p) |
5.64 (< 0.001) |
3.08 (0.001) |
|
Variance explained |
42% |
17% |