Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Original Articles

Prevalence, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam: Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen, Phuc Hung Truong, Hoa Truong Thi, Xuan Tuy Ho, Phu Van Nguyen; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2024;15(1):56-67. Published online February 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0181

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Objectives
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen in aquatic animals and a threat to human health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Methods: In total, 150 rearing water samples were collected from 10 fish mariculture farms in winter and summer. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify V. parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, and ARGs. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated using the disk diffusion test and a microtiter plate-based crystal violet method, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven V. parahaemolyticus isolates were recovered from 150 samples. The frequencies of the tdh and trh genes among V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 8.1% and 21.6%, respectively. More than 90% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol, but over 72% were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Furthermore, 67.57% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The presence of ARGs related to gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), tetracycline (tetA) and ciprofloxacin (qnrA) in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was identified. Conversely, no ARGs related to ampicillin or erythromycin resistance were detected. Biofilm formation capacity was detected in significantly more multidrug-resistant isolates (64.9%) than non-multidrug-resistant isolates (18.9%). Conclusion: Mariculture environments are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus and a hotspot for virulence genes and ARGs diffusing to aquatic environments. Thus, the prevention of antibiotic-resistant foodborne vibriosis in aquatic animals and humans requires continuous monitoring.

Profiling Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Markers of Enterovirulent Escherichia Coli from Fecal Isolates of Adult Patients with Enteric Infections in West Cameroon: Wiliane J. T. Marbou, Priyanka Jain, Sriparna Samajpati, Gourab Halder, Asish K. Mukhopadhyay, Shanta Dutta, Victor Kuete; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020;11(4):216-230. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.11

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study aimed to identify virulent and antimicrobial resistant genes in fecal E. coli in Mbouda, Cameroon.

Methods

A total of 599 fecal samples were collected from patients with enteric infections who were ≥ 20 years old. E. coli was isolated on the MacConkey agar and virulent genes were detected by multiplex/simplex PCR. Isolates in which ≥ 1 virulent gene was detected were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The resulting resistant isolates were subjected to PCR, followed by sequencing for resistant genes detection.

Results

There were 119 enterovirulent E. coli identified, amongst which 47.05% were atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 36.97% enterotoxigenic E. coli, 10.08% Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and 5.88% were enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). The occurrence of the eae gene (47.06%) was higher compared with CVD432 (33.61%), aaic (13.45%), stx2 (10.08%) and stx1 (0.84%). High resistance rates were noted for ampicillin (94.64% EPEC, 91.67% STEC, 59.09% EAEC, and 57.14% EIEC) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100% EPEC and 83.33% STEC, 81.82% EAEC and 71.43% EIEC). sul2 (71.43%), tetB (64.71%), tetA (59.94%) and blaTEM (52.10%) were detected. A double mutation (S83L; D87N) was seen in gyrA and a single mutation (S80I) was observed in parC.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that measures should be taken to reduce the harm of E. coli to public health.

Citations

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Annicet-Clotaire Dikoumba, Richard Onanga, Laurette G. Mangouka, Larson Boundenga, Edgard-Brice Ngoungou, Sylvain Godreuil
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Methanol extract from the seeds of Persea americana displays antibacterial and wound healing activities in rat model
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2022; 282: 114573. CrossRef
Characterization of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli with special reference to antimicrobial resistance isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata (2012–2019), India
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Antibiotic resistomes and their chemical residues in aquatic environments in Africa
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BioMed Research International.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef

Association between Beta-lactam Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in AmpC Producing Clinical Strains of P. aeruginosa: Sanaz Dehbashi, Hamed Tahmasebi, Mohammad Reza Arabestani; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):325-333. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.06

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of IMP and OXA genes in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) that are carriers of the ampC gene.

Methods

In this study, 105 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using the disk diffusion method. The strains carrying AmpC enzymes were characterized by a combination disk method. Multiplex-PCR was used to identify resistance and virulence genes, chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between variables.

Results

Among 105 isolates of P. aeruginosa, the highest antibiotic resistance was to cefotaxime and aztreonam, and the least resistance was to colictin and ceftazidime. There were 49 isolates (46.66%) that showed an AmpC phenotype. In addition, the frequencies of the resistance genes were; OXA48 gene 85.2%, OXA199, 139 3.8%, OXA23 3.8%, OXA2 66.6%, OXA10 3.8%, OXA51 85.2% and OXA58 3.8%. The IMP27 gene was detected in 9 isolates (8.57%) and the IMP3.34 was detected in 11 isolates (10.47%). Other genes detected included; lasR (17.1%), lasB (18%) and lasA (26.6%). There was a significant relationship between virulence factors and the OX and IMP genes (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion

The relationship between antibiotic resistance and virulence factors observed in this study could play an important role in outbreaks associated with P. aeruginosa infections.

Citations

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Comparative bacteriome and antibiotic resistome analysis of water and sediment of the Ganga River of India
Ankita Srivastava, Digvijay Verma
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of different virulence factors and their association with antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Egypt
Eva A. Edward, Marwa R. El Shehawy, Alaa Abouelfetouh, Elsayed Aboulmagd
BMC Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology and collaboration of siderophore-based iron acquisition with surface adhesion in hypervirulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from wound infections
Hamed Tahmasebi, Sanaz Dehbashi, Mona Nasaj, Mohammad Reza Arabestani
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Decoding Genetic Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Bloodstream Infections
Tomasz Bogiel, Dagmara Depka, Mateusz Rzepka, Agnieszka Mikucka
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(16): 9208. CrossRef
Prevalence of the Genes Associated with Biofilm and Toxins Synthesis amongst the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Strains
Tomasz Bogiel, Dagmara Depka, Mateusz Rzepka, Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg, Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
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A Comprehensive Study of the Relationship between the Production of β-Lactamase Enzymes and Iron/Siderophore Uptake Regulatory Genes in Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii
Mahyar Porbaran, Hamed Tahmasebi, MohammadReza Arabestani, Joseph Falkinham
International Journal of Microbiology.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Regulation of virulence and β-lactamase gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus isolates: cooperation of two-component systems in bloodstream superbugs
Sanaz Dehbashi, Hamed Tahmasebi, Behrouz Zeyni, Mohammad Reza Arabestani
BMC Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
New approach to identify colistin‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by high‐resolution melting curve analysis assay
H. Tahmasebi, S. Dehbashi, M.R. Arabestani
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2020; 70(4): 290. CrossRef
Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying virulence genes in hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection from Sanandaj, west of Iran
Safoura Derakhshan, Aslan Hosseinzadeh
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Prevalence and molecular typing of Metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa with adhesion factors: A descriptive analysis of burn wounds isolates from Iran
Hamed Tahmasebi, Sanaz Dehbashi, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Mahyar Porbaran, Mohammad Reza Arabestani
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Co-harboring of mcr-1 and β-lactamase genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMA): Molecular typing of superbug strains in bloodstream infections (BSI)
Hamed Tahmasebi, Sanaz Dehbashi, Mohammad Reza Arabestani
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104518. CrossRef
Relationship between Biofilm Regulating Operons and Various Β-Lactamase Enzymes: Analysis of the Clinical Features of Infections caused by Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli (Nfgnb) from Iran
Mahyar Porbaran, Reza Habibipour
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2020; 14(3): 1723. CrossRef
Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains-Distribution of the Essential Enzymatic Virulence Factors Genes
Tomasz Bogiel, Małgorzata Prażyńska, Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg, Agnieszka Mikucka, Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
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Biofilm Formation and β-lactamase Enzymes: A Synergism Activity in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Wound Infection
Mahyar Porbaran, Reza Habibipour
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Relationships between Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections and Commensal Isolates in Tehran, Iran: Mohammad Reza Asadi Karam, Mehri Habibi, Saeid Bouzari; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(5):217-224. Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.5.02

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we determined whether sensitivity to antibiotics was related to the prevalence of iron scavenging genes, or to biofilm and hemolysis formation.

Methods

A total of 110 UPEC and 30 E coli isolates were collected from the urine of UTI patients and feces of healthy individuals without UTI, respectively. The presence of iron receptor genes and phenotypic properties were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and phenotypic methods, respectively. Susceptibility to routine antibiotics was evaluated using the disc diffusion method.

Results

The prevalence of iron scavenging genes ranged from 21.8% (ireA) to 84.5% (chuA) in the UPEC. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was significantly correlated with the presence of fyuA and iutA iron genes. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the prevalence of fyuA and hma iron genes. A higher degree of antibiotic resistance was exhibited by isolates that produced biofilms than by their non-biofilm producing counterparts.

Conclusion

Our study clearly indicates that biofilm production is associated with antibiotic resistance, and that iron receptors and hemolysin production also contribute to reduced antibiotic sensitivity. These results further our understanding of the role that these virulence factors play during UPEC pathogenesis, which in turn may be valuable for the development of novel treatment strategies against UTIs.

Citations

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Shane Whelan, Brigid Lucey, Karen Finn
Microorganisms.2023; 11(9): 2169. CrossRef
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Funkè F. Assouma, Haziz Sina, Tomabu Adjobimey, Agossou Damien Pacôme Noumavo, Akim Socohou, Bawa Boya, Ange D. Dossou, Lauriane Akpovo, Basile Boni Saka Konmy, Jacques F. Mavoungou, Adolphe Adjanohoun, Lamine Baba-Moussa
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Mostafa Boroumand, Asghar Sharifi, Mohammad Amin Ghatei, Mohsen Sadrinasab
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Fei Zhao, Huanxin Yang, Dezhong Bi, Azad Khaledi, Mingqi Qiao
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A survey for phylogenetic relationship; presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance patterns of avian pathogenic and uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and humans in Yazd, Iran
Mansoureh Bakhshi, Hengameh Zandi, Mehdi Fatahi Bafghi, Akram Astani, Vahid Reza Ranjbar, Mahmood Vakili
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Paul Katongole, Fatuma Nalubega, Najjuka Christine Florence, Benon Asiimwe, Irene Andia
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Virginio Cepas, Sara M. Soto
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Profiling of Virulence-associated Factors in Shigella Species Isolated from Acute Pediatric Diarrheal Samples in Tehran, Iran: Sajad Yaghoubi, Reza Ranjbar, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Somayeh Yasliani Fard, Mohammad Hasan Shirazi, Mahmood Mahmoudi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(3):220-226. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.09

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The genus Shigella comprises the most infectious and diarrheagenic bacteria causing severe diseases, mostly in children under five years of age. This study aimed to detect nine virulence genes (ipaBCD, VirA, sen, set1A, set1B, ial, ipaH, stx, and sat) in Shigella species (spp.) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) and to determine the relation of Shigella spp. from pediatric diarrheal samples with hospitalization and bloody diarrhea in Tehran, Iran.

Methods

Shigella spp. were isolated and identified using standard microbiological and serological methods. The virulence genes were detected using MPCR.

Results

Seventy-five Shigella spp. (40 S. sonnei, 33 S. flexneri, 1 S. dysenteriae, and 1 S. boydii) were isolated in this study. The prevalence of ial, sen, sat, set1A, and set1B was 74.7%, 45.4%, 28%, 24%, and 24%, respectively. All S. flexneri isolates, while no S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, or S. boydii isolates, contained sat, set1A, and set1B. All isolates were positive for ipaH, ipaBCD, and virA, while one (1.4%) of the isolates contained stx. The highest prevalence of virulence determinants was found in S. flexneri serotype IIa. Nineteen (57.6%) of 33 S. flexneri isolates were positive for ipaBCD, ipaH, virA, ial, and sat. The sen determinants were found to be statistically significantly associated with hospitalization and bloody diarrhea (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

This study revealed a high prevalence of enterotoxin genes in S. flexneri, especially in serotype 2a, and has presented relations between a few clinical features of shigellosis and numerous virulence determinants of clinical isolates of Shigella spp.

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Phenotypic Assays to Determine Virulence Factors of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) Isolates and their Correlation with Antibiotic Resistance Pattern: Mohsen Tabasi, Mohammad Reza Asadi Karam, Mehri Habibi, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Saeid Bouzari; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(4):261-268. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.08.002

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Urinary tract infection caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains is one of the most important infections in the world. UPEC encode widespread virulence factors closely related with pathogenesis of the bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of different phenotypic virulence markers in UPEC isolates and determine their correlation with antibiotic resistance pattern.
Methods
UPEC isolates from patients with different clinical symptoms of UTI were collected and screened for biofilm and hemolysin production, mannose resistant, and mannose sensitive hemagglutination (MRHA and MSHA, respectively). In addition, antimicrobial resistance pattern and ESBL-producing isolates were recorded.
Results
Of the 156 UPEC isolates, biofilm and hemolysin formation was seen in 133 (85.3%) and 53 (34%) isolates, respectively. Moreover, 98 (62.8%) and 58 (37.2%) isolates showed the presence of Types 1 fimbriae (MSHA) and P fimbriae (MRHA), respectively. Our results also showed a relationship between biofilm formation in UPEC isolated from acute cystitis patients and recurrent UTI cases. Occurrence of UTI was dramatically correlated with the patients' profiles. We observed that the difference in antimicrobial susceptibilities of the biofilm and nonbiofilm former isolates was statistically significant. The UPEC isolates showed the highest resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole. Moreover, 26.9% of isolates were ESBL producers.
Conclusion
This study indicated that there is a relationship between the phenotypic virulence traits of the UPEC isolates, patients' profiles, and antibiotic resistance. Detection of the phenotypic virulence factors could help to improve understanding of pathogenesis of UPEC isolates and better medical intervention.

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Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Housekeeping Genes and Antigenic Determinant Genes in Bordetella pertussis Strains Isolated in Korea: Sang-Oun Jung, Yu Mi Moon, So-Hyeon Kim, Hwa Young Sung, Seung-Jik Kwon, Yeon Ho Kang, Jae Yon Yu; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2011;2(2):115-126. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.08.003

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To confirm genotype diversities of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis and to evaluate the risk of pertussis outbreak in Korea.
Methods
Seven housekeeping genes and 10 antigenic determinant genes from clinical B. pertussis isolates were analyzed by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST).
Results
More variant pattern was observed in antigenic determinant genes. Especially, PtxS1 gene was the most variant gene; five genotypes were observed from eight global genotypes. In the bacterial type, the number of observed sequence types in the isolates was seven and the most frequent form was type 1 (79.6%). This major sequence type also showed a time-dependent transition pattern. Older isolates (1968 and 1975) showed type 1 and 6 in housekeeping genes and antigenic determinant genes, respectively. However, these were changed to type 2 and 1 in isolates 1999–2008. This transition was mainly attributed to genotype change of PtxS1 and Fim3 gene; the tendency of genotype change was to avoid vaccine-derived genotype. In addition, there was second transition in 2009. In this period, only the sequence type of antigenic determinant genes was changed to type 2. Based Upon Related Sequence Types (BURST) analysis confirmed that there were two clonal complexes (ACCI and ACCII) in the Korean isolates. Moreover, the recently increased sequence type was revealed as AST2 derived from AST 3 in ACCI.
Conclusions
Genotype changes in Korean distributing strains are still progressing and there was a specific driving force in antigenic determinant genes. Therefore continuous surveillance of genotype change of the distributing strains should be performed to confirm interrelationship of genotype change with vaccine immunity.

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Characterization of Bordetella pertussis Strains Isolated from India
Shweta Alai, Manish Gautam, Sonali Palkar, Jitendra Oswal, Sunil Gairola, Dhiraj P. Dhotre
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Variation in Bordetella pertussis Susceptibility to Erythromycin and Virulence-Related Genotype Changes in China (1970-2014)
Ying Yang, Kaihu Yao, Xiang Ma, Wei Shi, Lin Yuan, Yonghong Yang, Daniela Flavia Hozbor
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(9): e0138941. CrossRef
Recent Trends of Antigenic Variation inBordetella pertussisIsolates in Korea
So-Hyun Kim, Jin Lee, Hwa Young Sung, Jae Yon Yu, Seong Han Kim, Mi Sun Park, Sang-Oun Jung
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(3): 328. CrossRef

Distribution of Virulence Genes and Their Association of Serotypes in Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates From Diarrheal Patients in Korea: Seung-Hak Cho, Kyung-Hwan Oh, Seong-Han Kim, Hee-Bok Oh, Mi-Sun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2010;1(1):29-35. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2010.12.008

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To characterise the genetic and serological diversity of pathogenic Escherichia coli, we tested 111 E coli strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006.
Methods
The isolates were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and slide agglutination method for the detection of virulence genes and serotypes, respectively. To compare the expression of Shiga toxin (stx)-1 and stx2 genes, real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and rapid exprssion assay, reversed-passive latex agglutination, were performed.
Results
Forty-nine Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) strains and 62 non-STEC strains, including 20 enteropathogenic E coli, 20 enterotoxigenic E coli, 20 enteroaggregative E coli, and 2 enteroinvasive E coli were randomly chosen from the strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. PCR analysis indicated that locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, that is, eaeA, espADB, and tir genes were present in STEC, enteropathogenic E coli, and enteroinvasive E coli. Quorum sensing-related gene luxS was detected in most of pathogenic E coli strains. Major serotypes of the STEC strains were O157 (26%) and O26 (20%), whereas the non-STEC strains possessed various serotypes. Especially, all the strains with serotype O157 carried stx2 and the tested virulence factors. Of the STEC strains, the data of real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and reversed-passive latex agglutination tests showed that messenger RNA- and protein expression of stx2 gene were higher than those of stx1 gene.
Conclusion
Our results provide the epidemiological information regarding the trend of STEC and non-STEC infections in the general population and show the fundamental data in association of serotypes with virulence genes in diarrhoeagenic E coli strains from Korea.

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