Figure 1More fat accumulation in belly than hip among obese subjects. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to analyze the relation between body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC) or hip circumference (HC) in normal (A and B) and obese (C and D) groups. Fold changes in BMI, WC and HC in obese vs. normal group (E). Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean (error bars). Statistical significance between groups was determined by the Student’s t-test with significance indicated by *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 2
Effects of prenatal nutrition and genetics on risk for obesity. Comparisons in birth weight, Fathers’ BMI (BMI_F) and mothers’ BMI (BMI_ M) between obese and normal groups (A). BMI, WC and HC (B), and blood lipids (C) of children having different birth weights. Parentages of children having dyslipidemia in obese and normal groups (F). Parentages of obesity in children having different birth weights (D). Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean (error bars). Statistical significance between groups was determined by the Student’s t-test (A) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (B and C) with significance indicated by *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001.
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; NS, significant.
Figure 3
Obesity increased risk for hypertriglyceridemia. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to analyze the relations between waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TAG) or total cholesterol level in the blood of the normal (A and B) and obese (C and D) groups. Fold changes in TAG, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the obese and normal groups (E). Parentages of children having dyslipidemia in the obese and normal groups (F). Parentages of each type of dyslipidemia in the obese and normal groups (G). Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean (error bars). Statistical significance between groups was determined by the Student’s t-test with significance indicated by *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001.
NS, not significant.
Table 1Characteristics of the subjects with normal weight (N) and obesity (O)
Parameter |
N (n = 194) |
O (n = 88) |
p-value |
Male (%) |
62.9 |
72.7 |
0.105 |
Age (y) |
7.72 ± 0.09 |
7.59 ± 0.14 |
0.452 |
Weight (kg) |
23.1 (20.6–27.1) |
36.8 (31.8–42.4) |
< 0.0001
|
Height (cm) |
123.97 ± 0.64 |
128.58 ± 0.93 |
< 0.0001
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
15.3 (14.4–16.4) |
22.7 (21.2–23.8) |
< 0.0001
|
Waist circumference (cm) |
53.0 (50.5–56.5) |
70.5 (67.0–76.0) |
< 0.0001
|
Hip circumference (cm) |
64.0 (61.0–68.9) |
79.3 (75.0–83.4) |
< 0.0001
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
102 (98–105) |
105 (100–115) |
0.175 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
60 (60–70) |
70 (60–70) |
< 0.0001
|
Triglyceride (mmol/L) |
0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
< 0.0001
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
3.98 ± 0.05 |
4.06 ± 0.07 |
0.709 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) |
1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
< 0.0001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L) |
2.41 ± 0.05 |
2.5 ± 0.07 |
0.200 |
Table 2Pearson’s correlation analysis for body and blood parameters of the subjects with normal weight (N) and obese (O)
|
BMI |
Waist |
Hip |
Triglyceride |
TC |
HDL-C |
LDL-C |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
O |
N |
O |
N |
O |
N |
O |
N |
O |
N |
O |
N |
O |
BMI |
|
|
0.704*
|
0.795*
|
0.737*
|
0.754*
|
0.047 |
0.104 |
0.041 |
0.147 |
0.008 |
−0.013 |
0.053 |
0.100 |
|
WC |
0.704*
|
0.795*
|
|
|
0.804*
|
0.829*
|
0.109 |
0.232*
|
−0.107 |
0.146 |
−0.089 |
−0.101 |
−0.069 |
0.142 |
|
HC |
0.737*
|
0.754*
|
0.804*
|
0.829*
|
|
|
0.072 |
0.158 |
−0.057 |
0.148 |
−0.042 |
−0.025 |
−0.037 |
0.132 |
|
Triglyceride |
0.047 |
0.104 |
0.109 |
0.232*
|
0.072 |
0.158 |
|
|
0.059 |
0.245*
|
−0.404*
|
−0.245*
|
0.167*
|
0.183 |
|
TC |
0.041 |
0.147 |
−0.107 |
0.146 |
−0.057 |
0.148 |
0.059 |
0.245*
|
|
|
0.438*
|
0.396*
|
0.796*
|
0.854*
|
|
HDL-C |
0.008 |
−0.013 |
−0.089 |
−0.101 |
−0.042 |
−0.025 |
−0.404*
|
−0.245*
|
0.438*
|
0.396*
|
|
|
0.019 |
0.108 |
|
LDL-C |
0.053 |
0.100 |
−0.069 |
0.142 |
−0.037 |
0.132 |
0.167*
|
0.183 |
0.796*
|
0.854*
|
0.019 |
0.108 |
|
|
Table 3The association of birth weight and obesity with dyslipidemia among study subjects
Characteristic |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
Birth weight (g) |
2,500–4,000 |
1 |
|
< 2,500 |
0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
0.364 |
≥ 4,000 |
2.0 (1.1–4.3) |
0.048 |
BMI (each kg/m2) |
1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
< 0.0001 |
Z-score weigh/age (each Z-score) |
1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
0.046 |
Z-score height/age (each Z-score) |
1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
0.147 |
Z-score BMI/age (each Z-score) |
1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
0.043 |
Waist circumference (each cm) |
1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
< 0.0001 |
Hip circumference (each cm) |
1.1 (1.0–1.1) |
< 0.0001 |
Waist-to-hip ratio |
≤ 0.9 |
1 |
|
> 0.9 |
3.0 (1.6–5.5) |
< 0.0001 |
Status |
Normal weight |
1 |
|
Obesity |
3.2 (1.8–5.5) |
< 0.0001 |