Figure 1The process of data selection for this study.
Table 1Chronic condition or disease, sociodemographic characteristics, medical use and expenditures for minors.
|
|
Total (n = 3,677) |
Infant (n = 654) |
Juvenile (n = 1,256) |
Adolescents (n = 1,767) |
Chronic condition or disease |
Yes |
1,015 (27.6) |
88 (13.5) |
404 (32.2) |
523 (29.6) |
No |
2,662 (72.4) |
566 (86.5) |
852 (67.8) |
1,244 (70.4) |
|
Age (y) |
|
11.43 ± 5.31 |
3.10 ± 1.41 |
9.17 ± 1.96 |
16.12 ± 1.96 |
|
Gender |
Male |
1,875 (51.0) |
339 (51.8) |
629 (50.1) |
907 (51.3) |
Female |
1,802 (49.0) |
315 (48.2) |
627 (49.9) |
860 (48.7) |
|
Family income (decile) |
|
6.59 ± 2.30 |
6.46 ± 2.08 |
6.62 ± 2.25 |
6.61 ± 2.41 |
|
Presence of MR |
Yes |
126 (3.4) |
12 (1.8) |
39 (3.1) |
75 (4.2) |
No |
3,548 (96.6) |
642 (98.2) |
1,217 (96.9) |
1,692 (95.8) |
|
Medication uptake |
Yes |
129 (3.5) |
33 (5.0) |
35 (2.8) |
61 (3.5) |
No |
3,548 (96.5) |
621 (95.0) |
1,221 (97.2) |
1,706 (96.5) |
|
Emergency room use |
Yes |
381 (10.4) |
135 (20.6) |
138 (11.0) |
108 (6.1) |
No |
3,296 (89.6) |
519 (79.4) |
1,118 (89.0) |
1,659 (93.9) |
|
Hospitalization |
Yes |
263 (7.2) |
97 (14.8) |
84 (6.7) |
82 (4.6) |
No |
3,414 (92.8) |
557 (85.2) |
1,172 (93.3) |
1,685 (95.4) |
|
Hospital outpatient |
Yes |
3,318 (90.2) |
651 (99.5) |
1,215 (96.7) |
1,452 (82.2) |
No |
359 (9.8) |
3 (0.5) |
41 (3.3) |
315 (17.8) |
|
Medical expenditure 1 (won) |
249,617.3 ± 577,282.6 |
321,644.3 ± 453,879.9 |
244,556.0 ± 550,266.8 |
226,556.5 ± 632,345.0 |
|
Medical expenditure 2 (won) |
253,623.9 ± 582,536.9 |
331,450.2 ± 474,230.3 |
247,372.4 ± 551,704.3 |
229,262.8 ± 635,643.4 |
Table 2Comparison between sociodemographic characteristics, medical use and expenditures according to presence of chronic condition or disease in minors.
|
|
Without CD (n = 2,662) |
With CD (n = 1,015) |
p
|
Age (y)†
|
|
11.11 ± 5.56 |
12.27 ± 4.46 |
< 0.001***
|
|
Gender§
|
Male |
1,331 (50.0) |
544 (53.6) |
0.051 |
Female |
1,331 (50.0) |
471 (46.4) |
|
Family income (decile)‡
|
|
6.56 ± 2.29 |
6.65 ± 2.33 |
0.087 |
|
Presence of MR§
|
Yes |
77 (2.9) |
49 (4.8) |
0.004**
|
No |
2,585 (97.1) |
966 (95.2) |
|
Medication uptake§
|
Yes |
93 (3.5) |
36 (3.5) |
0.938 |
No |
2,569 (96.5) |
979 (96.5) |
|
Emergency room use§
|
Yes |
267 (10.0) |
114 (11.2) |
0.285 |
No |
2,395 (90.0) |
901 (88.8) |
|
Hospitalization§
|
Yes |
190 (7.1) |
72 (7.1) |
0.269 |
No |
2,472 (92.9) |
942 (92.8) |
|
Hospital outpatient§
|
Yes |
2,366 (88.9) |
952 (93.8) |
< 0.001***
|
No |
296 (11.1) |
63 (6.2) |
|
Medical Expenditure 1 (won)†
|
|
227,690.3 ± 507,263.2 |
307,124.5 ± 726,839.6 |
< 0.001***
|
|
Medical Expenditure 2 (won)†
|
|
230,907.2 ± 510,186.1 |
313,202.5 ± 736,375.4 |
< 0.001***
|
Table 3Estimation findings of the association between chronic condition or disease and sociodemographic characteristics, and medical use (N = 3,677).
|
|
Whether older with and without chronic disease |
p
|
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Gender |
Male |
1.172 (1.001–1.359) |
0.036*
|
Female (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Age period |
Adolescents |
3.128 (2.461–4.107) |
< 0.001***
|
Juveniles |
3.179 (2.428–4.029) |
< 0.001***
|
Infants (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Presence of MR |
Yes |
1.652 (1.137–2.400) |
0.008**
|
No (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Medication uptake |
Yes |
1.088 (0.729–1.625) |
0.680 |
No (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Emergency room use |
Yes |
1.256 (0.985–1.603) |
0.066 |
No (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Hospitalization |
Yes |
1.043 (0.772–1.409) |
0.784 |
No (ref) |
1 |
|
|
Hospital outpatient |
Yes |
2.231 (1.669–2.983) |
< 0.001***
|
No (ref) |
1 |
|
Table 4Factors affecting medical expenditure (N = 3,677).
|
Medical expenditures |
β |
t
|
p
|
F |
(Constant) |
141.591 |
Hospitalization |
0.359 |
22.830 |
< 0.001***
|
Hospital outpatient |
0.098 |
6.449 |
< 0.001***
|
Chronic condition or disease |
0.054 |
3.573 |
< 0.001***
|
Emergency room use |
0.050 |
3.167 |
0.002**
|
Gender |
−0.036 |
−2.390 |
0.017*
|
R2
|
|
0.162 |
Table 5Comparison of chronic condition or disease, gender, family income, medical use and expenditure between infants, children and adolescents.
|
|
Infants (n = 654) |
Juveniles (n = 1,256) |
Adolescents (n = 1,767) |
F or X2
|
p
|
Chronic condsition or disease |
Yes |
88 (13.5) |
404 (32.2) |
523 (29.6) |
82.103 |
< 0.001***
|
No |
566 (86.5) |
852 (67.8) |
1,244 (70.4) |
|
Gender |
Male |
339 (51.8) |
629 (50.1) |
907 (51.3) |
0.685 |
0.710 |
Female |
315 (48.2) |
627 (49.9) |
860 (48.7) |
|
Family income (decile) |
6.46 ± 2.08 |
6.62 ± 2.25 |
6.61 ± 2.41 |
1.241 |
0.289 |
|
Medication uptake |
Yes |
33 (5.0) |
35 (2.8) |
61 (3.5) |
6.516 |
0.038*
|
No |
621 (95.0) |
1,221 (97.2) |
1,706 (96.5) |
|
|
Emergency room use |
Yes |
135 (20.6) |
138 (11.0) |
108 (6.1) |
109.305 |
< 0.001***
|
No |
519 (79.4) |
1,118 (89.0) |
1,659 (93.9) |
|
|
Hospitalization |
Yes |
97 (14.8) |
84 (6.7) |
82 (4.6) |
75.271 |
< 0.001***
|
No |
557 (85.2) |
1,172 (93.3) |
1,685 (95.4) |
|
|
Hospital outpatient |
Yes |
651 (99.5) |
1,215 (96.7) |
1,452 (82.2) |
254.888 |
< 0.001***
|
No |
3 (0.5) |
41 (3.3) |
315 (17.8) |
|
|
Medical expenditure 1 (won) |
321,644.3 ± 453,879.9 |
244,556.0† ± 550,266.8 |
226,556.5† ± 632,345.0 |
6.569 |
0.001**
|
|
Medical expenditure 2 (won) |
331,450.2 ± 474,230.3 |
247,372.4† ± 551,704.3 |
229,262.8† ± 635,643.4 |
7.480 |
0.001**
|