Objectives Climate variability, particularly ambient air temperature, is an emerging environmental determinant of blood pressure (BP); however, evidence from tropical lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) remains limited. We examined associations between monthly average ambient temperature with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) among adults in Bogor City, Indonesia. Methods: This longitudinal cohort analysis used secondary data collected between 2011 and 2018 from 1,648 participants with repeated BP measurements (19 assessments over 6 years). Average ambient temperature data were matched to the month of BP measurement. Generalized estimating equations models were used to assess the association between temperature and BP after adjustment for age, sex, education, and socioeconomic status. Results: Mean ambient temperature ranged from 24.6 °C to 28.9 °C. SBP varied more than DBP and tended to increase as ambient temperature decreased. The overall main effect of temperature on BP was not statistically significant. However, several visit-specific temperature–time interactions were negative and significant, suggesting inverse patterns between lower temperatures and higher SBP or DBP. Marginal effects plots demonstrated time-varying associations, with predicted SBP and DBP differences of approximately −4 to + 3 mmHg across follow-up visits at representative temperatures. Socioeconomic status and education were associated with SBP, whereas age and female sex were associated with DBP. Conclusion: Temperature variations were associated with time-varying BP changes among adults with hypertension in Bogor City during 2011–2018. Although the main temperature effect was non-significant, temperature–time interactions suggested modest inverse patterns within clinically plausible ranges. These findings support the need for updated, multi-site studies in tropical LMIC settings.
<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study aims to determine the prevalence, and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension [Systolic Diastolic Hypertension (SDH), Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH) and Isolated Diastolic Hypertension (IDH)] in the Nepalese adult population.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from adults (≥ 18 years) was used in this study. The final weighted sample size was 13,393. Blood pressure (BP) was measured 3 times and the average of the second and third measurement was reported. SDH (systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg), ISH (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg), and IDH (SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP ≥ 90 mmHg) were measured. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to find the association between the independent variables and the covariates.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The prevalence of SDH, IDH and ISH were 8.1%, 7.5%, and 3.3% respectively. The odds of having SDH and ISH increased with old age. However, the odds of having IDH decreased with increasing age. Females has lower odds of having SDH and IDH compared with male participants. Individuals that had been married, resided in Province 4 (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) or 5 (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) were statistically significantly associated with having IDH. Being overweight or obese was statistically significantly associated with all 3 HTN subtypes (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The necessary steps should be taken so that public health promotion programs in Nepal may prevent and control undiagnosed hypertension.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study was performed to identify the distribution of undiagnosed isolated hypertension subtypes and their correlates amongst adults aged 35 years and older in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demography and Health Survey 2011.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Out of a total of 17,964 selected households, 7,880 were included in the final analysis for this study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were measured 3× at 10-minute intervals. Hypertension subtypes were defined for individuals not under antihypertensive treatment as systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH): systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg; isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH): SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg, and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH): SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The predominant hypertension subtypes were SDH and IDH [5.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.7–5.1] followed by ISH (3.8%; 95% CI: 3.4–4.2). Multiple logistic regression showed that age and gender were significant predictors of ISH. SDH was associated with females [odds ratio (OR): 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.6], the older age group (OR-7.4; 95% CI: 4.3–12.7), and overweight or obese individuals (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.4). Non-manual work (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0]) and being overweight or obese (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–2.8) were factors associated with IDH.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>ISH, IDH and SDH represent salient subtypes of hypertension in Bangladesh. To identify preventive intervention for averting adverse cardiovascular events, further research is needed.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>To investigate the effect of smoking upon cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, and obesity index, in middle-aged and older workers to propose guidelines on healthcare for these age groups.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>This study analyzed medical data from 2,753 white-collar workers aged 50 years or older from workplaces located in Seoul, South Korea. Blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max), and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were measured. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>In the smoking group BP and resting heart rate were significantly higher than in the non-smoking and smoking-cessation groups (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). In addition, VO<sub>2</sub>max was lower in the smoking group compared to the other 2 groups. BP closely correlated with resting heart rate, abdominal fat ratio, and BMI. BMI was the highest in the group that stopped smoking and, BMI and abdominal fat ratio negatively correlated with VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Smoking increases the risk of cardiopulmonary disease but obesity may be caused by stopping smoking. Therefore, healthcare guidelines on smoking cessation should also include nutritional advice.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate hypertension with simple anthropometry data related to obesity in Korean adults and identify whether age specific waist circumference (WC) may be a useful screening tool for determining hypertension.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Subjects (<italic>n</italic> = 571) were classified into 3 groups by age; young (18–39 years), middle aged (40–64 years), and old aged (≥ 65 years). Correlations between demographic and anthropometric parameters and hypertension were performed using Spearman correlation analysis. Logistic regression analysis and ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves were also analyzed for correlations with hypertension.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Spearman correlation analyses, age, gender, WC, and body mass index were positively correlated with hypertension. When logistic regression analysis was performed, increased age and increased WC was associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, although gender and body mass index were not significantly related to hypertension. In ROC analysis of WC for hypertension demonstrated that patients in the old age group showed higher WC cutoff value than patients in the young and middle aged groups.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The findings of this study demonstrate that WC may be a useful predictor of hypertension incidence among demographic and anthropometric factors in Korean adults. In addition, WC in the young population was more sensitive to the incidence of hypertension than in the elderly population.</p></sec>
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<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Our study aims to provide basic scientific data on the importance of obesity management in middle-aged Korean women by analyzing its effects on blood pressure and arterial stiffness. In addition, we examined the correlations of these two parameters.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The study participants were 40 middle-aged female volunteers, who were classified into obesity group (n = 20) and normal weight group (n = 20). Statistical analysis was performed using independent <italic>t</italic>-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate blood pressure and arterial stiffness.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>This study evaluated the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity (PWV). These results were higher in the obesity group than the normal weight group. Furthermore, blood pressure and arterial stiffness (PWV, augmentation pressure) were static correlated.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Obesity is closely related to blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Therefore, indices for blood pressure and arterial stiffness may play a vital role in predicting and preventing obesity and its sequelae.</p></sec>
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