<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Biofilm formation is one of the important features of <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>, particularly in nosocomial infections. We aimed to investigate the biofilm production by phenotypic methods and the presence of <italic>ica</italic> genes in <italic>S epidermidis</italic>.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A total of 41 <italic>S epidermidis</italic> isolates were recovered from different clinical specimens. Biofilm formation was evaluated by microtiter plate, tube method and Congo red agar method. The presence of <italic>icaA</italic> and <italic>icaD</italic> genes was investigated by PCR. Validity of methods (sensitivity and specificity), and metrics for test performance (positive/negative predictive value, and positive/negative likelihood ratio) were determined.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>By both microtiter plate and tube method, 53.6% of <italic>S epidermidis</italic> isolates were able to produce biofilm, whilst only 24.4% of isolates provided a biofilm phenotype on Congo red agar plates. <italic>icaA</italic> and <italic>icaD</italic> genes were found in 100% and 95.1% of isolates, respectively. Biofilm phenotypes accounted for 4.8% by microtiter plate assay, despite the absence of the <italic>ica</italic> gene. Congo red agar and PCR exhibited a lower sensitivity (18% and 45.5%, respectively) for identifying the biofilm phenotype in comparison to microtiter plate.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The microtiter plate method remains generally a better tool to screen biofilm production in <italic>S epidermidis</italic>. In addition, the ability of <italic>S epidermidis</italic> to form biofilm is not always dependent on the presence of <italic>ica</italic> genes, highlighting the importance of <italic>ica</italic>-independent mechanisms of biofilm formation. The use of reliable methods to specifically detect biofilms can be helpful to treat the patients affected by such problematic bacteria.</p></sec>
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis from Milk Samples of Cows with Mastitis and Investigation of Its Biofilm Formation Ability Bayram Aktepe, Serap Savaşan, Çağatay Nuhay, Şeyda Yaman Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2026; 19(1): 91. CrossRef
Collagen-mediated biofilm formation and fibrillar organization in
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Chisato Takahashi Biofouling.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Emerging Resistance Mechanisms in Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated From Septicemia Cases in ICUs: A Focus on Genotypic Insights Sharon Christina, Raveendran Praveena, Chitralekha Saikumar Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Resistance Genes and Virulence Factor Genes in Coagulase-Negative and Positive Staphylococci of the Staphylococcus intermedius Group (SIG) Isolated from the Dog Skin Simona Hisirová, Jana Koščová, Ján Király, Vanda Hajdučková, Patrícia Hudecová, Stanislav Lauko, Gabriela Gregová, Nikola Dančová, Júlia Koreneková, Viera Lovayová Microorganisms.2025; 13(4): 735. CrossRef
Presence of biofilm-associated genes in clinical staphylococcal isolates and antibiofilm activities of some mucolytic compounds against these strains Haki Altunova, İbrahim Halil Kılıç Biologia.2025; 80(8): 2171. CrossRef
Influence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antiseptics on biofilm formation in S. epidermidis Renato Geraldo da Silva Filho, Agostinho Alves de Lima e Silva, Carmen Soares de Meirelles Saramago, Maria Helena Simões Villas Bôas Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2025; 56(3): 1823. CrossRef
Isolation of Staphylococcus Species from Some Clinical and Food Samples and Investigation of Their Biofilm Formation Abilities Ahmet Murat Saytekin, Osman Nur Eren Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2025; 14(1): 86. CrossRef
Inhibition of the MRSA Biofilm Formation and Skin Antineoplastic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Roots and Aerial Parts Extracts from Geum urbanum L. Lyudmila Dimitrova, Maya M. Zaharieva, Lilia Tserovska, Milena Popova, Vassya Bankova, Hristo Najdenski Antibiotics.2025; 14(7): 627. CrossRef
Development, physicochemical characterization and antibacterial evaluation of the baicalin/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex Giuseppe Paladini, Federica De Gaetano, Valentina Venuti, Francesco Caridi, Giuliana Faggio, Giacomo Messina, Cinzia Lombardo, Domenico Majolino, Antonio Francesco Mottese, Venerando Pistarà, Lorenzo Pistorino, Mario Salmeri, Rosanna Stancanelli, Silvana International Journal of Pharmaceutics.2025; 684: 126178. CrossRef
Detection of Integrons in Escherichia coli Associated With Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Enshad Alzaidi, Maryam Alshammari, Manal AlKhulaifi, Bader Alrashidi, Abdulkarim Alhetheel, Reem Aljaaidi, Dunia Al Farraj, Dorota Formanowicz International Journal of Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biofilm Production, Distribution of ica Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolates Neşe Erdoğan Deniz, Yüksel Akkaya, İbrahim Halil Kılıç Antibiotics.2025; 14(12): 1215. CrossRef
Characterization of Salmonella enterica Biofilms and Antibiofilm Effect of Carvacrol and 2-Aminobenzimidazole Fizza Naz, Abrar Ahmad, Yasra Sarwar, Muhammad Moman Khan, Peter Schierack, Waqar Rauf, Aamir Ali Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2024; 21(1): 52. CrossRef
Etiology, pathology, and host-impaired immunity in medical implant-associated infections Ihtisham Ul Haq, Taj Ali Khan, Katarzyna Krukiewicz Journal of Infection and Public Health.2024; 17(2): 189. CrossRef
Combination antimicrobial therapy: in vitro synergistic effect of anti-staphylococcal drug oxacillin with antimicrobial peptide nisin against Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms Toktam Sharafi, Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Maryam Rafiee, Abdollah Ardebili Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for studying the interaction of organometallic compound bis(1,3-dihexylimidazole-2-yl) silver(i) hexafluorophosphate (v) with the biofilm of Escherichia coli Tania Tabussam, Hina Shehnaz, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Haq Nawaz, Abeer Ahmed Alghamdi, Muhammad Adnan Iqbal, Muhammad Shahid, Urwa Shahid, Rabiea Umer, Muhammad Tjammal Rehman, Umer Farooq, Ahmad Hassan, Muhammad Imran RSC Advances.2024; 14(10): 7112. CrossRef
Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Its Inhibition Using Carvacrol, 2-Aminobenzemidazole, and 3-Indole Acetonitrile Muhammad Umair Akbar, Asma Haque, Sadia Liaquat, Peter Schierack, Aamir Ali ACS Omega.2023; 8(1): 682. CrossRef
Analysis of the Presence of the Virulence and Regulation Genes from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and the Influence of the Staphylococcal Cross-Talk on Their Functions Magdalena Grazul, Ewa Balcerczak, Monika Sienkiewicz International Journal of Environmental Research an.2023; 20(6): 5155. CrossRef
New update on molecular diversity of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Iran: antimicrobial resistance, adhesion and virulence factors, biofilm formation and SCCmec typing Mahtab Tabandeh, Hami Kaboosi, Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki, Abazar Pournajaf, Fatemeh Peyravii Ghadikolaii Molecular Biology Reports.2022; 49(4): 3099. CrossRef
Whole-Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Carrying Biofilm-Associated Genes and a Unique Composite of SCCmec Hisham N. Altayb, Hana S. Elbadawi, Othman Baothman, Imran Kazmi, Faisal A. Alzahrani, Muhammad Shahid Nadeem, Salman Hosawi, Kamel Chaieb Antibiotics.2022; 11(7): 861. CrossRef
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of pellets of biofilm forming bacterial strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis Muhammad Shakeel, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Haq Nawaz, Nosheen Rashid, Aamir Ali, Asma Haque, Muhammad Umair Akbar, Muhammad Tahir, Saania Munir, Zain Ali, Muhammad Shahbaz, Mudassar Saleem Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2022; 40: 103145. CrossRef
Analysis of the Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Natural Compounds and Their Analogues against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Sobia Mastoor, Fizza Nazim, Syed Rizwan-ul-Hasan, Khalid Ahmed, Shabnam Khan, Syed Nawazish Ali, Syed Hani Abidi Molecules.2022; 27(20): 6874. CrossRef
Controlling the Growth of the Skin Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis Using
d
-Alanine Auxotrophy
David Dodds, Jeffrey L. Bose, Ming-De Deng, Gilles R. Dubé, Trudy H. Grossman, Alaina Kaiser, Kashmira Kulkarni, Roger Leger, Sara Mootien-Boyd, Azim Munivar, Julia Oh, Matthew Pestrak, Komal Rajpura, Alexander P. Tikhonov, Traci Turecek, Travis Whitfill, mSphere.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
First
Prev
