<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of mixed cognitive intervention training using spaced retrieval training, and errorless learning in participants with early onset dementia. This was based on reality orientation therapy for cognitive function, depression, and occupational performance of patients.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Two early onset vascular dementia patients (> 65 years) with mild or moderate impairment were enrolled in a pre-test - post-test single-subject research design study. Prior to the study, the caregivers were interviewed about meaningful times, people, places, and areas of interest for the participant. A list of individual training words were selected based upon this information, and the participant was instructed to recall them after a 45-second, 90-second, 6-minute, and 12-minute delay. Baseline (3 sessions), intervention (20 sessions), and a second baseline period (3 sessions) were conducted. Activities of daily living were measured, and cognition was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer’s Disease Korean version, whilst depression was measured using the Korean Form Geriatric Depression Scale, and task performance and satisfaction measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>After intervention, both participants showed improvements in activities of daily living (ADL), word list memory/recognition, trail making A, occupational performance, and satisfaction improvement, which was clinically significant in 1 participant who also had a reduced score in the scale of depression classifying him as not depressed.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Spaced retrieval training and errorless learning based on reality orientation therapy is an effective intervention in patients with early onset dementia and mild or moderate impairment.</p></sec>
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Medical professionals’ perspectives and experiences in disclosing a dementia diagnosis: a grounded theory study Miao-Chuan Chen, Cheng-I Chu, Hung-Ru Lin BMC Geriatrics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Linguistic-cognitive intervention in a case of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease Beatriz Andrade de Souza, Maria Isabel D’Ávila Freitas CoDAS.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Intervenção linguístico-cognitiva em um caso de doença de Alzheimer de início precoce Beatriz Andrade de Souza, Maria Isabel D’Ávila Freitas CoDAS.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Non‐pharmacological interventions for people living with young‐onset dementia and their carers: A scoping review focussing on the support of participants' needs Iktae Kim, Yoosun Yang, Hongjin Cheon, Jiyeon Kim, Jun‐Ah Song Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2024; 31(1): 14. CrossRef
Interventions for Persons with Young-Onset Dementia and Their Families: A Scoping Review Xiaoyan Cui, Junqiao Wang, Bei Wu, Qianhua Zhao, Xueting Tang, Jing Wang Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.2024; 97(4): 1519. CrossRef
Objectives
We aimed to determine whether serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and its biological determinants, folate and vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, are related to cognitive decline in elderly people. Methods
The concentrations of total Hcy, folate, and vitamin B<sub>12</sub> were measured in serum samples from 424 cognitively normal controls, 382 mild cognitive impairment patients, and 56 dementia patients from Ansan Geriatric cohort. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery was used to evaluate cognitive functions. Results
The dementia patients had higher serum Hcy (dementia, 17.6 ± 6.9 μmol/L; control, 12.9 ± 5.0 μmol/L; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and lower serum folate (dementia, 7.9 ± 4.8 ng/mL; control, 10.0 ± 7.1 ng/mL; <i>p</i> = 0.034) levels compared with controls. There was an inverse relationship between Hcy levels and serum folate or vitamin B<sub>12</sub> concentrations. The cognitive status as measured by the (CERAD) score was inversely related to Hcy levels. The adjusted odds ratio of dementia was 5.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.91–14.10; <i>p</i> = 0.001) for moderate (30 ≥ Hcy > 15) hyperhomocysteinemia compared with normal Hcy levels (≤15 μmol/L). In addition, there was weak association between low serum folate (<3.0 ng/mL) and the risk for dementia (crude odds ratio = 3.68; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–12.69; <i>p</i> = 0.039). Conclusion
Elevated serum Hcy and decreased serum folate concentrations are associated with the risk of dementia in Korean elders.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Uncovering Hyperhomocysteinemia: Global Risk Patterns and Molecular Disruption in Brain and Vascular Health Osmar Vieira Ramires Júnior, Gustavo Ricardo Krupp Prauchner, Alessandra Schmitt Rieder, Ana Karla Oliveira Leite, Clarissa Penha Farias, Angela T. S. Wyse Journal of Neurochemistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
B vitamins and prevention of cognitive decline and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis Zhibin Wang, Wei Zhu, Yi Xing, Jianping Jia, Yi Tang Nutrition Reviews.2022; 80(4): 931. CrossRef
Biochemical and Hematological Correlates of Elevated Homocysteine in National Surveys and a Longitudinal Study of Urban Adults May A. Beydoun, Hind A. Beydoun, Peter H. MacIver, Sharmin Hossain, Jose A. Canas, Michele K. Evans, Alan B. Zonderman Nutrients.2020; 12(4): 950. CrossRef
Hyperhomocysteinemia is key for increased susceptibility to PND in aged mice Guangchao Zhao, Jiao Deng, Yuan Shen, Peng Zhang, Hailong Dong, Zhongcong Xie, Lize Xiong Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology.2019; 6(8): 1435. CrossRef
The effects and potential mechanisms of folic acid on cognitive function: a comprehensive review Athena Enderami, Mehran Zarghami, Hadi Darvishi-Khezri Neurological Sciences.2018; 39(10): 1667. CrossRef
First
Prev
