Objectives This study investigated the correlation between food insecurity and infectious diseases among toddlers in Indonesia.
Methods This research employed a cross-sectional study design using data from the 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey, which included a sample of 84,115 toddlers. Food insecurity levels were assessed using the food insecurity experience scale, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The dependent variable, infectious disease, was defined as a toddler experiencing 1 or more of the following conditions: acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, or worms. Multivariate analysis was conducted using multiple logistic regression to determine adjusted odds ratios (ORs).
Results The findings indicate that 23.78% of toddlers experienced at least 1 infectious disease. While more than half of the respondents were food secure, 26.5% faced mild food insecurity, 13.6% moderate food insecurity, and 6.5% severe food insecurity. Toddlers from households experiencing mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity had higher risks of infectious diseases compared to those from food-secure households, with adjusted ORs of 1.367 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.308–1.428), 1.490 (95% CI, 1.399–1.588), and 1.500 (95% CI, 1.374–1.638), respectively.
Conclusion In conclusion, more severe food insecurity is correlated with an increased risk of toddlers suffering infectious diseases.
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The rotavirus vaccine is a live vaccine, and there is a possibility of infection by the virus strain used in the vaccine. We investigated the process of determining whether an infection was caused by the vaccine strain in a severe complex immunodeficiency (SCID) patient with rotavirus infection. The patient was vaccinated with RotaTeq prior to being diagnosed with SCID. The testing process was conducted in the following order: confirming rotavirus infection, determining its genotype, and confirming the vaccine strain. Rotavirus infection was confirmed through enzyme immunoassay and VP6 gene detection. G1 and P[8] were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genotype, and G3 was further identified using a single primer. By detecting the fingerprint gene (WC3) of RotaTeq, it was confirmed that the detected virus was the vaccine strain. Genotypes G1 and P[8] were identified, and the infection was suspected of having been caused by rotavirus G1P[8]. G1P[8] is the most commonly detected genotype worldwide and is not included in the recombinant strains used in vaccines. Therefore, the infection was confirmed to have been caused by the vaccine strain by analyzing the genetic relationship between VP4 and VP7. Rotavirus infection by the vaccine strain can be identified through genotyping and fingerprint gene detection. However, genetic linkage analysis will also help to identify vaccine strains.
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study compared the socioeconomic status, medical use and expenditures for infants (1–5 years), juveniles (6–12 years), and adolescents (13–19 years) with a chronic condition or disease to determine factors affecting health spending.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Data from 3,677 minors (< 20 years old, without disabilities) were extracted from the Korea Health Panel (2015) database.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Minors with chronic conditions or diseases were older (juveniles, and adolescents; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001), and included a higher proportion of Medicaid recipients (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004), a higher use of hospital outpatient care (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), and higher medical expenditure (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001) compared to minors without chronic conditions or diseases. Boys were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease than girls (<italic>p</italic> = 0.036). Adolescents and juveniles were more likely than infants to have a chronic condition or disease (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Medicaid recipients were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease than those who were not Medicaid recipients (<italic>p</italic> = 0.008). Minors who had been hospital outpatients were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease, compared with minors who had not been an outpatient (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Having a chronic condition or disease, was a factor increasing medical expenditure (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Medical expenditure was higher in infants than in juveniles and adolescents (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). Infants had higher rates of medical use when compared with juveniles and adolescents (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>These findings suggest that systematic health care management for minors with chronic conditions or diseases, is needed.</p></sec>
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<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading cause of neonatal death and the second biggest cause of death in children under five years of age. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of PTB and its associated factors using logistic regression and decision tree classification methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>This cross-sectional study was conducted on 4,415 pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, from July 6–21, 2015. Data were collected by a researcher-developed questionnaire through interviews with mothers and review of their medical records. To evaluate the accuracy of the logistic regression and decision tree methods, several indices such as sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The PTB rate was 5.5% in this study. The logistic regression outperformed the decision tree for the classification of PTB based on risk factors. Logistic regression showed that multiple pregnancies, mothers with preeclampsia, and those who conceived with assisted reproductive technology had an increased risk for PTB (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Identifying and training mothers at risk as well as improving prenatal care may reduce the PTB rate. We also recommend that statisticians utilize the logistic regression model for the classification of risk groups for PTB.</p></sec>
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Objectives
Aflatoxins as a highly toxic group of mycotoxins are present in the environment and foodstuff. These have been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted into breast milk, investigating the exposure of infants to AFM1 is of special concern. Methods
In the present study, breast milk samples were collected from 85 lactating mothers in Ilam province, Iran, and the levels of AFM1 were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based technique. AFM1 was detected in breast milk of all lactating women. The mean contamination level was 5.91 ± 2.031 ng/L, ranging from 2 ng/L to 10 ng/L. Results
Multiple regression analysis indicated no significant associations of consumption of milk and dairy products, meat, fish, legumes, grain products, fruits, and nuts with the concentration of AFM1 in breast milk. Furthermore, no significant association was observed between AFM1 concentration and anthropometric data of infants. Conclusion
In western parts of Iran, lactating mothers and their infants could be at risk of aflatoxin B1 and AFM1 exposure, respectively. Therefore, in Iran, the evaluation of AFM1 in human breast milk as a biomarker for postnatal exposure of infants to this carcinogen requires more attention in different regions and various seasons.
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