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HOME > Osong Public Health Res Perspect > Volume 8(6); 2017 > Article
Brief Report
Follow-up Study of Patients Previously Diagnosed with Lymphatic Filariasis in Korea
Hyeng Il Cheuna, Hee Eun Shina, Da Won Maa, Sung Hee Honga, Tae Yun Kima, Sang Eun Leea, JungWon Jua, Yun-Kyu Parkb, Tong-Soo Kimb, Shin Hyeong Choa
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2017;8(6):421-424.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.6.10
Published online: December 31, 2017

aDivision of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea

bDepartment of Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea

Corresponding author: Hyeng Il Cheun, E-mail: ilcheun7@korea.kr
• Received: April 14, 2017   • Revised: October 20, 2017   • Accepted: December 4, 2017

Copyright ©2017, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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  • Objectives
    Korea was an endemic area for lymphatic filariasis (LF), caused by the nematode parasite Brugia malayi, until the 1970s. The World Health Organization recognized Korea as LF-free in June 2008. However, it is necessary to confirm that patients that have had LF in the past still test negative, to prevent the re-emergence of LF in Korea.
  • Methods
    We followed up a total of 83 patients who had been diagnosed with LF between 2002 and 2010 in endemic LF areas.
  • Results
    Fifty-two of the 83 subjects were negative for LF, whereas 31 subjects had re-located to a different city or province, were dead, or were unaccounted for. Most subjects with negative test results still exhibited edema in the legs or the arms, and some complained of redness and swelling in the legs or ankle joints. However, we found that these symptoms were due to diseases other than LF.
  • Conclusion
    In this follow-up study, we did not find any evidence indicating the potential re-emergence of LF in Korea.
The scientific identification of lymphatic filariasis (LF), which includes elephantiasis, was conducted for the first time in Korea in 1927 [1]. While it was originally thought that LF was caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, in 1943, Senoo [2] clarified that LF in Korea was caused by Brugia malayi instead. The first nationwide survey on patients with LF was conducted in the 1950s, which involved an analysis of 5,001 night blood smears in 25 randomly selected villages in Jeju-do [3]. The study showed that 12.1% (604/5,001 cases) of the samples were positive for microfilaria caused by B. malayi. Three subsequent epidemiological studies indicated the following positive rates: 9.2% (19/206 cases) [4], 11.4% (26/229 school children), 22.2% (79/356 inhabitants) [5,6], and 8.6% (184/2,139 inhabitants) [7]. These data strongly suggested that there were three major endemic foci of LF in Korea: the northeastern part (inland) of Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the western coastal areas of Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. Jeju-do was found to be highly endemic, whereas the other two areas were found to be moderate-to-low endemic. During the early 1970s, chemotherapy was implemented in several regions endemic for LF with satisfactory results. In Yeongju-si, one of the main LF foci in Gyeongsangbuk-do, a remarkable decrease in LF prevalence was achieved, which resulted in complete disappearance of the disease during the observation period [8]. However, western remote islands, such as Heuksan-do, were identified as new endemic areas of LF during the 1980s [9]. A recent epidemiological study, however, revealed that this area is now LF-free [10,11].
In this study, we report the epidemiological data of the follow-up on 83 patients who were identified in the past as affected by LF during the LF elimination survey program of the Korea National Institute of Health between 2002 and 2010 in previously endemic areas.
Peripheral blood (20 mL) was collected by capillary from the ear lobe or finger of villagers during house-to-house visits between 20:00 and 02:00. The commercially available dipstick kit Brugia RapidTM (Malaysian Bio-Diagnostics Research Sdn Bhd., Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia) was used to detect anti-B. malayi antibodies. The kit was prepared with a goat anti-mouse antibody control line and B. malayi recombinant antigen test line. The presence of anti-filarial antibodies in subjects’ sera was tested according to the manufacturer’s instructions using the filarial antigen and colloidal gold-conjugated monoclonal anti-human immunoglobulin G4 provided in the kit. Blood from patients with elephantiasis was stained with Giemsa and examined under a light microscope.
In this study, we examined subjects who were previously diagnosed with elephantiasis of the lower or upper extremities due to LF; some of them had shown causative LF symptoms until 2010. The subjects were 60-to-98-years-old. A total of 52 subjects had a negative test result, while 31 had moved to a different city, were hospitalized for a reason other than LF, or had died (Table 1 and Figure 1).
Most of the subjects still exhibited edema in the lower legs or arms, and some complained of redness and swelling in the legs or ankle joints. However, we could not find microfilaria in their blood and found that the redness and swelling in their legs and/or ankle joints were due to other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or cellulitis.
Elephantiasis of the lower extremities was traditionally called Soojongdari or Darijeongeung (leg dropsy or king leg, respectively, translated to English). In Korea, when lymphangitis and lymphadenitis is associated with fever and transient joint swelling, this disease is called Pinaerim (blood down-flow), Pijeong (blood disease), or Gakmomsal (malaise with arthralgia) [12]. Korean elephantiasis mainly affects the lower extremities and occasionally the arms; however, it has not been reported to involve the external genitalia [13].
In the past, LF has been diffused in mainly coastal areas of Korea, such as Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. However, a continuous effort of the Korean government, such as installation of mosquito nets and sanitation of houses, has resulted in the elimination of LF in Korea [14]. This survey and follow-up study for patients who previously had filariasis confirms that LF has been completely eliminated in Korea.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Korea National Institute of Health (NIH-091-4800-4845-300, 2010).

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Figure 1
Images of the (A) lower and (B) upper extremities of two patients who previously had elephantiasis, Gageo island, Jeollanam-do, 2010.
phrp-08-421f1
Table 1
Test results of patients with lymphatic filariasis
Area Patient (n) Test results Memo
Jeollanam-do Jindo-gun Cheongdeung island 1 - 1 Dead
Dokgeo island 1 - 1 Dead
Jukhang island 1 Negative -
Sinan-gun Gageo island 8 Negative -
Manjae island 1 - 1 Transfer
Heuksan island 6 Negative 1 Dead
1 Transfer
Hong island 1 Negative
Wando-gun Pyeongil island 1 Negative 1 Dead
Yeoseo island 2 Negative 1 Transfer
Cheongsan island 3 Negative 1 Dead
Dasan island 2 - 1 Dead
1 Transfer
Sojin-ri 3 Negative 1 Transfer
Seonoup island 1 - 1 Transfer
Bogil island 11 Negative 2 Dead
1 Transfer
Yeosu-si Sogeomun island 1 Negative -
Geomun island 4 Negative 3 Missing
Jeju-do Jeju-si Chuja island, Gujwa-eup, and Hangyeong-myeon 16 Negative 9 Dead
Seogwipo-si Namwon-eup and Pyosun-myeon 20 Negative 4 Dead
83 All negative

Transfer, patient moved to a different city or province; Missing, missing person.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Lymphatic filariasis in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
      Negar Bizhani, Saeideh Hashemi Hafshejani, Neda Mohammadi, Mehdi Rezaei, Mohammad Bagher Rokni
      Parasitology Research.2021; 120(2): 411.     CrossRef
    • Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
      Sun Huh
      Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437.     CrossRef

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    Follow-up Study of Patients Previously Diagnosed with Lymphatic Filariasis in Korea
    Image
    Figure 1 Images of the (A) lower and (B) upper extremities of two patients who previously had elephantiasis, Gageo island, Jeollanam-do, 2010.
    Follow-up Study of Patients Previously Diagnosed with Lymphatic Filariasis in Korea
    AreaPatient (n)Test resultsMemo
    Jeollanam-doJindo-gunCheongdeung island1-1 Dead
    Dokgeo island1-1 Dead
    Jukhang island1Negative-
    Sinan-gunGageo island8Negative-
    Manjae island1-1 Transfer
    Heuksan island6Negative1 Dead
    1 Transfer
    Hong island1Negative
    Wando-gunPyeongil island1Negative1 Dead
    Yeoseo island2Negative1 Transfer
    Cheongsan island3Negative1 Dead
    Dasan island2-1 Dead
    1 Transfer
    Sojin-ri3Negative1 Transfer
    Seonoup island1-1 Transfer
    Bogil island11Negative2 Dead
    1 Transfer
    Yeosu-siSogeomun island1Negative-
    Geomun island4Negative3 Missing
    Jeju-doJeju-siChuja island, Gujwa-eup, and Hangyeong-myeon16Negative9 Dead
    Seogwipo-siNamwon-eup and Pyosun-myeon20Negative4 Dead
    83All negative
    Table 1 Test results of patients with lymphatic filariasis

    Transfer, patient moved to a different city or province; Missing, missing person.


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