Dear Editor,
I would like to comment on the study by Kim [
1] that investigated the effects of smoking status on cardiopulmonary function, maximum oxygen uptake, and obesity in middle-aged and older office workers in Korea. The study presented interesting and important findings on how smoking increases the risk of cardiopulmonary disease. However, if the patient stops smoking to reduce the risk of cardiopulmonary disease, an increased appetite attributable to smoking cessation, may lead to obesity. Therefore, Kim [
1] concluded that smoking cessation should be accompanied by nutritional advice to reduce the risk of both cardiopulmonary disease and obesity.
In addition to the risk of cardiopulmonary disease and other diseases caused by smoking that were mentioned in Kim’s article [
1], osteoporosis was not cited. Smoking adversely affects bone health by reducing bone mineralization [
2] which can lead to osteoporosis, and subsequent bone fractures. Furthermore, a meta-analysis study found that smoking substantially increases the risk of bone fractures [
3].
Since people with Asian ethnicity already have an elevated risk of bone fractures it is important to be aware that smoking will further exacerbate the risk of osteoporosis in the study population from Seoul, South Korea. Moreover, the Asian Federation of Osteoporosis Societies [
4] projects that by 2050, the number of bone fractures caused by osteoporosis, specifically hip fractures, which have the most severe consequences, will have an overall increase of 2.85-fold in Korea (2.94-fold increase in men and 2.80-fold increase in women). Osteoporosis is projected to raise medical costs with spending for hip fractures rising from current spending of $64.5 million up to a projected cost of $183.6 million by 2050. Additionally, the Asian Federation of Osteoporosis Societies has called for Korea and other respected members of the federation, to make osteoporosis a national health priority; increase osteoporosis awareness through education for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis [
5].
In conclusion, where Kim [
1] suggested that education about smoking cessation should include nutritional advice for cardiopulmonary disease and obesity, I would like to respectfully recommend adding bone health to the nutrition advice given because smoking also contributes to osteoporosis and consequently, bone fractures.
Nutritional advice for promoting bone health, such as information on how to consume foods and drinks high in calcium and vitamin D (or the use of supplements), as recommended by the NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy [
6]. Nutritional advice promoting bone health could improve public health by reducing the prevalence of osteoporosis, and the associated health care costs of bone fractures in Korea.
Article information
Conflicts of Interest
The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.
References
- 1. Kim DJ. Study on cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, and obesity index according to smoking status in middle-aged and older office workers. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(3). 95−100.
- 2. Hollenbach KA, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein SL, et al. Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in older men and women. Am J Public Health 1993;83(9). 1265−70.
- 3. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2005;16(2). 155−62.
- 4. Cheung CL, Ang SB, Chadha M, et al. An updated hip fracture projection in Asia: The Asian Federation of Osteoporosis Societies study. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2018;4(1). 16−21.
- 5. Yeap SS, Jaisamrarn U, Park YS, et al. The Asian Federation of Osteoporosis Societies’ call to action to improve the undertreatment of osteoporosis in Asia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2017;3(4). 161−3.
- 6. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285(6). 785−95.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Analysis of Factors Influencing the Fusion Rate in Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery: A Systematic Review
Jin Tang, Jianing Wang, Siyu Wang, Zhengping Liu, Xiaokun Wang, Zhou Zhao, Jinfeng Hu
World Neurosurgery.2025; 202: 124418. CrossRef - Awareness of the Saudi population regarding the effects of smoking on fracture healing
Hamza M. Alrabai, Abdulmalik Alduraibi, Abdulaziz Alrabiah, Saad Al Ghadir, Khalid Alghamdi, Khalid Alhamdi, Abdulaziz Bahammam, Waleed Albishi
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2025; 23(August): 1. CrossRef - Association between daily consumption of spicy food and bone mineral density in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study
Wenhao Zhu, Haitao Zhang, Chunchun Yuan, Zhangyu Liao, Xianhui Zeng, Zhiwu Yang, Chenghong Zhou, Qi Shi, Dezhi Tang
Food & Function.2024; 15(14): 7509. CrossRef - The Relationship of Osteoporosis with Menopause: Review of Article
Hadeel Anwar Alsarraje, *Liqaa Khalel Alhyali
International Journal of Research in Medical Scien.2022; 14(01): 127. CrossRef - Investigating the Accuracy of Digital Panoramic Radiographs in Osteoporosis Screening
George Triantafyllopoulos, Anastasia Mitsea, Aliki Rontogianni, Demitrios Korres
Annals Journal of Dental and Medical Assisting.2022; 2(1): 35. CrossRef - Validation Of Diagnostic Efficiency Of Digital Panoramic Radiographs In Predicting Osteoporosis By Female Undergraduate Students
Cristalle Soman, Noura Aldakheel, Layal Aldughishem, Rahaf Alogaily, Mashail Aljuhani, Sara Aljumaiah
Annals of Dental Specialty.2021; 9(2): 39. CrossRef - Association of Dental Implants Success in Bone Density Classification of Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis - A Clinical and Radiographic Prospective Study
Wasim Alsadi, Ali AbouSulaiman, Mohammad Monzer AlSabbagh
Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Rad.2021; 33(4): 428. CrossRef
