Figure 1Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by age group in men (A) and women (B): KNHANES 1998, 2001, 2005. Data are mean ± SD. ∗p < 0.05 for differences within the same age group.
Figure 2Frequency of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level by age groups in men (A) and women (B): KNHANES 1998, 2001, 2005. Error bars indicate 95%CIs. For men and women low HDL-C was defined as <40 and <50 mg/dL, respectively. ∗p < 0.05 for trends within the same age group.
Table 1Basic characteristics of the study population by in 3 KNHANES phases
Variable |
KNHANES
|
Men
|
Women
|
1998 |
2001 |
2005 |
1998 |
2001 |
2005 |
No. subjects (%) |
3597 (45.2) |
2810 (43.7) |
2314 (42.6) |
4365 (54.8) |
3626 (56.3) |
3124 (57.4) |
|
Age (yr) |
20–29 |
659 (18.3) |
458 (16.3) |
274 (11.8) |
834 (19.1) |
619 (17.1) |
403 (12.9) |
30–39 |
923 (25.7) |
711 (25.3) |
497 (21.5) |
1 045 (23.9) |
920 (25.4) |
723 (23.1) |
40–49 |
775 (21.5) |
675 (24.0) |
595 (25.7) |
855 (19.6) |
820 (22.6) |
743 (23.8) |
50–59 |
575 (16.0) |
425 (15.1) |
407 (17.6) |
685 (15.7) |
502 (13.8) |
502 (16.1) |
60–69 |
445 (12.4) |
351 (12.5) |
370 (16.0) |
562 (12.9) |
434 (12.0) |
426 (13.6) |
≥70 |
220 (6.1) |
190 (6.8) |
171 (7.4) |
384 (8.8) |
331 (9.1) |
327 (10.5) |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
<18.5 |
173 (4.8) |
89 (3.2) |
79 (3.4) |
235 (5.4) |
205 (5.7) |
147 (4.7) |
18.5–22.9 |
1 630 (45.4) |
1 092 (39.1) |
762 (33.2) |
1 969 (45.2) |
1 553 (43.1) |
1 318 (42.6) |
23–24.9 |
883 (24.6) |
700 (25.1) |
621 (27.1) |
924 (21.2) |
819 (22.7) |
700 (22.6) |
≥25 |
902 (25.1) |
913 (32.7) |
830 (36.2) |
1 227 (28.2) |
1 028 (28.5) |
932 (30.1) |
|
WC (cm) |
Lower tertile |
1 197 (33.3) |
714 (25.5) |
604 (26.2) |
1 377 (31.5) |
1 152 (31.9) |
962 (31.0) |
Middle tertile |
1 139 (31.7) |
912 (32.5) |
683 (29.7) |
1 315 (30.1) |
1 068 (29.6) |
962 (31.0) |
Higher tertile |
1 261 (35.1) |
1 177 (42.0) |
1 015 (44.1) |
1 673 (38.3) |
1 389 (38.5) |
1 181 (38.0) |
|
Residential area |
Large city |
1 412 (39.3) |
1 281 (45.6) |
994 (43.0) |
1 699 (38.9) |
1 680 (46.3) |
1 391 (44.5) |
Medium city |
905 (25.2) |
870 (31.0) |
771 (33.3) |
1 073 (24.6) |
1 115 (30.8) |
1 029 (32.9) |
Rural |
1 278 (35.5) |
659 (23.5) |
549 (23.7) |
1 593 (36.5) |
831 (22.9) |
704 (22.5) |
|
Marital status |
Married |
2 835 (78.8) |
2 200 (78.3) |
1 815 (78.6) |
3 095 (70.9) |
2 587 (71.3) |
2 155 (69.0) |
Unmarried |
636 (17.7) |
488 (17.4) |
353 (15.3) |
488 (11.2) |
410 (11.3) |
359 (11.5) |
Others |
126 (3.5) |
122 (4.3) |
140 (6.1) |
782 (17.9) |
629 (17.3) |
607 (19.4) |
Education (yr) |
<7 |
770 (21.4) |
431 (15.3) |
374 (16.2) |
1 659 (38.0) |
1 047 (28.9) |
959 (30.7) |
7–9 |
508 (14.1) |
359 (12.8) |
282 (12.2) |
621 (14.2) |
477 (13.2) |
367 (11.7) |
10–12 |
1 346 (37.4) |
1 031 (36.7) |
800 (34.6) |
1 370 (31.4) |
1 285 (35.4) |
1 026 (32.8) |
≥13 |
973 (27.1) |
989 (35.2) |
857 (37.1) |
715 (16.4) |
817 (22.5) |
772 (24.7) |
|
Occupation |
White collar |
1 259 (35.0) |
1 146 (40.8) |
886 (38.4) |
1 051 (24.1) |
991 (27.3) |
879 (28.1) |
Blue collar |
1 561 (43.4) |
1 005 (35.8) |
906 (39.2) |
1 028 (23.6) |
551 (15.2) |
585 (18.7) |
Unemployed |
777 (21.6) |
659 (23.5) |
518 (22.4) |
2 286 (52.4) |
2 083 (57.5) |
1 660 (53.1) |
|
Income (million won) |
<1.00 |
1 214 (33.8) |
484 (17.2) |
400 (17.5) |
1 588 (36.4) |
743 (20.5) |
641 (20.7) |
1.00–2.49 |
1 923 (53.5) |
1 490 (53.0) |
936 (40.9) |
2 207 (50.6) |
1 768 (48.8) |
1 185 (38.2) |
2.50–3.99 |
353 (9.8) |
510 (18.1) |
574 (25.1) |
450 (10.3) |
667 (18.4) |
776 (25.0) |
≥4.00 |
107 (3.0) |
326 (11.6) |
381 (16.6) |
120 (2.7) |
448 (12.4) |
497 (16.0) |
|
Alcohol |
Nondrinker |
377 (10.9) |
331 (12.9) |
130 (5.8) |
1 868 (44.0) |
1 308 (38.6) |
647 (21.2) |
Current drinker |
3 075 (89.1) |
2 235 (87.1) |
2 093 (94.2) |
2 382 (56.0) |
2 080 (61.4) |
2 408 (78.8) |
|
Smoking |
Nonsmoker |
600 (17.4) |
525 (20.5) |
359 (16.1) |
3 856 (90.7) |
3 173 (93.7) |
2 786 (91.2) |
Current smoker |
2 852 (82.6) |
2 041 (79.5) |
1 864 (83.9) |
394 (9.3) |
215 (6.3) |
269 (8.8) |
|
Physical activity |
Light |
1 414 (41.0) |
1 174 (45.8) |
932 (41.9) |
1 943 (45.7) |
1 825 (53.9) |
1 556 (50.9) |
Moderate |
1 148 (33.3) |
945 (36.8) |
867 (39.0) |
1 761 (41.4) |
1 413 (41.7) |
1 301 (42.6) |
Heavy |
890 (25.8) |
447 (17.4) |
424 (19.1) |
546 (12.8) |
150 (4.4) |
198 (6.5) |
Table 2Cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women: KNHANES 1998, 2001, and 2005
Variable |
KNHANES
|
Men
|
Women
|
1998 (n = 3597) |
2001 (n = 2810) |
2005 (n = 2314) |
p-value |
1998 (n = 4365) |
2001 (n = 3626) |
2005 (n = 3124) |
p-value |
Age (yr) |
44.2 ± 14.8b
|
44.8 ± 15.0b
|
47.3 ± 14.7a
|
<0.001 |
45.1 ± 16.1b
|
45.1 ± 15.8b
|
47.1 ± 15.7a
|
<0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.1 ± 3.0c
|
23.7 ± 3.1b
|
24.0 ± 3.1a
|
<0.001 |
23.3 ± 3.4b
|
23.3 ± 3.4b
|
23.5 ± 3.4a
|
0.003 |
WC (cm) |
82.8 ± 8.4b
|
84.3 ± 8.4a
|
84.3 ± 8.8a
|
<0.001 |
78.5 ± 9.7 |
78.4 ± 9.6 |
78.5 ± 9.6 |
0.693 |
TC (mg/dL) |
187.5 ± 37.0a
|
189.2 ± 34.6a
|
185.0 ± 34.6b
|
<0.001 |
189.0 ± 37.8a
|
187.8 ± 35.2a
|
184.8 ± 35.5b
|
<0.001 |
HDL–C (mg/dL) |
48.1 ± 12.3a
|
43.6 ± 10.1b
|
42.3 ± 10.2c
|
<0.001 |
51.6 ± 12.7a
|
47.9 ± 10.4b
|
47.1 ± 10.9c
|
<0.001 |
LDL–C (mg/dL) |
112.0 ± 33.8 |
112.9 ± 31.4 |
112.9 ± 30.4 |
0.450 |
114.9 ± 33.7 |
114.3 ± 30.2 |
115.1 ± 30.4 |
0.543 |
TC/HDL–C (mg/dL) |
4.1 ± 1.3b
|
4.5 ± 1.2a
|
4.6 ± 1.3a
|
<0.001 |
3.9 ± 1.2b
|
4.1 ± 1.1a
|
4.1 ± 1.1a
|
<0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) |
136.4 ± 65.9b
|
157.8 ± 84.9a
|
160.3 ± 131.0a
|
<0.001 |
112.5 ± 55.9b
|
123.3 ± 71.2a
|
115.2 ± 79.7b
|
<0.001 |
FPG (mg/dL) |
101.9 ± 31.0a
|
98.3 ± 17.8b
|
98.2 ± 26.2b
|
<0.001 |
100.8 ± 32.8a
|
96.8 ± 17.1b
|
93.2 ± 19.9c
|
<0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
128.1 ± 18.2a
|
126.1 ± 17.4b
|
122.9 ± 16.1c
|
<0.001 |
124.2 ± 21.2a
|
119.6 ± 19.6b
|
116.6 ± 18.6c
|
<0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) |
81.0 ± 11.7 |
80.3 ± 11.1 |
80.8 ± 10.4 |
0.072 |
76.5 ± 11.7a
|
74.6 ± 11.3b
|
74.8 ± 10.4b
|
<0.001 |
DM (%) |
429 (12.0) |
268 (9.7) |
255 (11.1) |
0.015 |
415(9.5) |
295 (8.2) |
225 (7.3) |
0.002 |
HTN (%) |
1 099 (30.6) |
805 (31.2) |
717 (31.1) |
0.868 |
1 084 (24.9) |
795 (23.6) |
745 (24.0) |
0.363 |
High TC (%) |
289 (8.0) |
230 (8.2) |
135 (5.8) |
0.002 |
429 (9.8) |
312 (8.6) |
209 (6.7) |
<0.001 |
High LDL–C (%) |
275 (7.6) |
198 (7.5) |
135 (6.1) |
0.068 |
420 (9.6) |
276 (7.8) |
216 (7.0) |
<0.001 |
High TG (%) |
561 (15.6) |
68.5 (25.4) |
512 (22.1) |
<0.001 |
319 (7.3) |
470 (13.2) |
305 (9.8) |
<0.001 |
Low HDL–C (%) |
893 (24.8) |
1 049 (37.3) |
1 045 (45.2) |
<0.001 |
2 084 (47.7) |
2 160 (59.6) |
1 997 (63.9) |
<0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (%) |
731 (20.3) |
681 (24.3) |
612 (26.6) |
<0.001 |
1 077 (24.7) |
881 (24.4) |
771 (24.8) |
0.921 |
Table 3Adjusted OR for low HDL-C: associated factors men and women: KNHANES 2005
Variable |
KNHANES 2005
|
Men (2280)
|
Women (3077)
|
Low HDL–C (n = 1 023) |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p for trend |
Covariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p for trend |
Low HDL–C (n = 1 966) |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p for trend |
Covariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p for trend |
Age (yr) |
20–29 |
87 (8.5) |
1.0 |
0.195 |
1.0 |
0.852 |
222 (11.3) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
0.448 |
30–39 |
236 (23.1) |
2.0 (1.45–2.69) |
|
1.4 (0.86–2.14) |
|
417 (21.2) |
1.1 (0.87–1.42) |
|
0.8 (0.55–1.14) |
|
40–49 |
279 (27.3) |
1.9 (1.44–2.63) |
|
1.2 (0.75–2.01) |
|
467 (23.8) |
1.4 (1.10–1.80) |
|
0.7 (0.49–1.07) |
|
50–59 |
197 (19.3) |
2.1 (1.54–2.94) |
|
1.4 (0.81–2.35) |
|
320 (16.3) |
1.5 (1.18–2.02) |
|
0.7 (0.43–1.06) |
|
60–69 |
153 (15.0) |
1.6 (1.14–2.20) |
|
1.1 (0.63–1.96) |
|
291 (14.8) |
2.1 (1.58–2.84) |
|
0.9 (0.54–1.47) |
|
≥70 |
71 (6.9) |
1.6 (1.05–2.32) |
|
1.1 (0.57–2.12) |
|
249 (12.7) |
2.8 (2.03–3.91) |
|
1.4 (0.79–2.562 |
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
<18.5 |
15 (1.5) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
63 (3.2) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
0.021 |
18.5–22.9 |
234 (23.2) |
2.0 (1.10–3.53) |
|
1.6 (0.81–3.00) |
|
734 (37.7) |
1.6 (1.14–2.28) |
|
1.4 (0.97–2.13) |
|
23–24.9 |
285 (28.3) |
3.9 (2.15–6.95) |
|
2.0 (1.02–4.10) |
|
475 (24.4) |
2.6 (1.79–3.75) |
|
1.9 (1.20–3.00) |
|
≥25 |
474 (47.0) |
6.1 (3.43–10.98) |
|
2.7 (1.31–5.55) |
|
676 (34.7) |
3.3 (2.30–4.77) |
|
2.0 (1.21–3.25) |
|
|
WC (cm) |
Lower tertile |
154 (15.2) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
473 (24.2) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
Middle tertile |
289 (28.4) |
2.2 (1.75–2.82) |
|
1.7 (1.24–2.32) |
|
616 (31.5) |
1.8 (1.48–2.15) |
|
1.7 (1.34–2.12) |
|
Higher tertile |
573 (56.4) |
4.1 (3.23–5.08) |
|
2.5 (1.72–3.65) |
|
864 (44.2) |
2.7 (2.24–3.33) |
|
2.1 (1.55–2.98) |
|
|
Residential area |
Large city |
441 (43.1) |
1.0 |
0.555 |
|
|
856 (43.5) |
1.0 |
0.645 |
|
|
Medium city |
343 (33.5) |
1.0 (0.83–1.21) |
|
|
|
649 (33.0) |
1.1 (0.92–1.30) |
|
|
|
Rural |
239 (23.4) |
0.9 (0.75–1.15) |
|
|
|
461 (23.4) |
1.0 (0.84–1.25) |
|
|
|
|
Marital status |
Married |
838 (82.1) |
1.0 |
0.008 |
1.0 |
0.793 |
1365 (69.5) |
1.0 |
0.370 |
1.0 |
0.683 |
Unmarried |
124 (12.1) |
0.6 (0.44–0.76) |
|
1.0 (0.68–1.55) |
|
183 (9.3) |
0.8 (0.62–1.03) |
|
0.8 (0.53–1.12) |
|
Others |
59 (5.8) |
0.9 (0.62–1.26) |
|
1.1 (0.75–1.72) |
|
415 (21.1) |
1.0 (0.79–1.23) |
|
0.9 (0.70–1.19) |
|
|
Education (yr) |
<7 |
155 (15.2) |
1.0 |
0.098 |
1.0 |
0.884 |
667 (33.9) |
1.0 |
0.002 |
1.0 |
0.963 |
7–9 |
131 (12.8) |
1.3 (0.96–1.83) |
|
1.2 (0.81–1.74) |
|
254 (12.9) |
1.1 (0.84–1.48) |
|
1.4 (0.97–1.90) |
|
10–12 |
353 (34.5) |
1.3 (0.95–1.66) |
|
1.0 (0.73–1.45) |
|
636 (32.3) |
0.9 (0.67–1.13) |
|
1.3 (0.91–1.72) |
|
≥13 |
384 (37.5) |
1.3 (1.00–1.83) |
|
1.1 (0.72–1.57) |
|
409 (20.8) |
0.6 (0.48–0.87) |
|
1.0 (0.70–1.47) |
|
Occupation |
White collar |
437(42.8) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
0.006 |
525 (26.7) |
1.0 |
0.683 |
1.0 |
0.347 |
Blue collar |
382 (37.4) |
0.7 (0.59–0.86) |
|
0.9 (0.72–1.23) |
|
381 (19.4) |
1.0 (0.80–1.27) |
|
0.9 (0.67–1.18) |
|
Unemployed |
202 (19.8) |
0.6 (0.48–0.76) |
|
0.7 (0.47–0.94) |
|
1 060 (53.9) |
1.0 (0.87–1.24) |
|
0.8 (0.67–1.04) |
|
|
Income (million won) |
<1.00 |
168 (16.6) |
1.0 |
0.001 |
1.0 |
0.269 |
431 (22.1) |
1.0 |
0.453 |
1.0 |
0.973 |
1.00–2.49 |
394 (39.0) |
1.1 (0.84–1.40) |
|
1.0 (0.71–1.31) |
|
762 (39.0) |
1.1 (0.91–1.43) |
|
1.1 (0.83–1.40) |
|
2.50–3.99 |
253 (25.0) |
1.2 (0.90–1.55) |
|
0.9 (0.62–1.25) |
|
466 (23.9) |
1.0 (0.80–1.32) |
|
1.1 (0.82–1.46) |
|
≥4.00 |
196 (19.4) |
1.6 (1.20–2.20) |
|
1.2 (0.84–1.84) |
|
294 (15.1) |
1.0 (0.74–1.27) |
|
0.8 (0.77–1.47) |
|
|
Alcohol |
Nondrinker |
84 (8.4) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
451 (23.5) |
1.0 |
0.066 |
1.0 |
0.029 |
Current drinker |
911 (91.6) |
0.4 (0.30–0.64) |
|
0.4 (0.29–0.67) |
|
1472 (76.5) |
0.8 (0.68–1.01) |
|
0.8 (0.62–0.97) |
|
Smoking |
Nonsmoker |
172 (17.3) |
1.0 |
0.172 |
|
|
1748 (90.9) |
1.0 |
0.812 |
|
|
Current smoker |
823 (82.7) |
0.9 (0.68–1.07) |
|
|
|
175 (9.1) |
1.0 (0.79–1.35) |
|
|
|
|
Physical activity |
Light |
442 (44.4) |
1.0 |
0.003 |
1.0 |
0.040 |
979 (50.9) |
1.0 |
0.387 |
1.0 |
0.618 |
Moderate |
389 (39.1) |
0.9 (0.74–1.08) |
|
0.8 (0.62–1.03) |
|
805 (41.9) |
1.0 (0.87–1.19) |
|
1.0 (0.83–1.23) |
|
Heavy |
164 (16.5) |
0.7 (0.54–0.87) |
|
0.7 (0.48–0.95) |
|
139 (7.2) |
1.2 (0.87–1.68) |
|
1.2 (0.79–1.77) |
|
|
Fat (% of energy) |
<6 |
246 (27.8) |
1.0 |
0.515 |
1.0 |
0.111 |
617 (35.3) |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
1.0 |
<0.001 |
6–11 |
411 (46.4) |
1.1 (0.80–1.24) |
|
0.9 (0.73–1.18) |
|
798 (45.7) |
0.8 (0.63–0.93) |
|
0.8 (0.62–0.94) |
|
≥12 |
228 (25.8) |
0.9 (0.71–1.19) |
|
0.8 (0.59–1.05) |
|
331 (19.0) |
0.6 (0.48–0.78) |
|
0.6 (0.49–0.80) |
|