aDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
bDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
cSchool of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
dDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
eDepartment of Food Science, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea
fDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Men (n = 6029) |
Women (n = 9104) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-URs (n = 5158) | URs (n = 871) | pa | Non-URs (n = 7010) | URs (n = 2094) | pa | |
EI:BMRest | 1.49 ± 0.48 | 0.72 ± 0.15 | <0.0001 | 1.41 ± 0.42 | 0.69 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 |
Living alone | 4.8 | 6.2 | 0.077 | 8.6 | 12.7 | <0.0001 |
Education | ||||||
Elementary school or less | 22.5 | 22.1 | 0.008 | 34.1 | 40.8 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 13.1 | 13.9 | 10.3 | 10.7 | ||
High school | 35.3 | 40.0 | 32.2 | 33.2 | ||
College or higher | 29.2 | 24.0 | 23.5 | 15.4 | ||
Income | ||||||
Lowest | 24.0 | 32.0 | <0.0001 | 23.1 | 29.9 | <0.0001 |
Medium–low | 25.3 | 22.2 | 25.0 | 24.9 | ||
Medium–high | 25.1 | 22.7 | 26.1 | 23.0 | ||
Highest | 25.6 | 23.1 | 25.9 | 22.2 |
Men (n = 6029) |
Women (n = 9104) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-URs (n = 5158) | URs (n = 871) | pa | Non-URs (n = 7010) | URs (n = 2094) | pa | |
BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 33.1 | 42.2 | <0.0001 | 27.0 | 37.9 | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 78.4 | 77.9 | 0.746 | 8.8 | 12.1 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol consumer | 71.3 | 68.4 | 0.079 | 37.4 | 36.8 | 0.624 |
Self-rated health | ||||||
Very good/good | 45.4 | 39.5 | <0.0001 | 37.1 | 32.5 | <0.0001 |
Fair | 35.4 | 34.9 | 35.9 | 32.8 | ||
Very poor/poor | 19.2 | 25.6 | 27.0 | 34.7 | ||
Change of body weight in the past year | ||||||
No change | 68.7 | 61.5 | <0.0001 | 65.7 | 60.7 | 0.000 |
Weight loss | 16.5 | 18.0 | 13.8 | 16.1 | ||
Weight gain | 14.8 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 23.2 | ||
Physical activityb | ||||||
Walking | 50.1 | 47.2 | 0.123 | 44.3 | 43.4 | 0.509 |
Moderate | 15.4 | 12.3 | 0.019 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 0.411 |
Vigorous | 19.7 | 16.2 | 0.014 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 0.595 |
b Walking exercise was defined as walking for ≥30 minutes at a time at least five times per week, either indoors or outdoors. Physical activity was defined as moderate exercise for ≥30 minutes at a time at least five times per week, or in vigorous exercise for ≥20 minutes at a time at least three times per week.