aDepartment of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
bBiotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
cNanotechnology Research center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
LEV |
OFL |
NOR |
CIP |
NA |
Mutation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | |
1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | parC+/parE–/gyrA– |
1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.88) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 1 (2.22) | 4 (8.88) | 2 (4.44) | 3 (6.66) | parC–/parE–/gyrA+ |
2 (4.44) | 16a (35.55) | 1 (2.22) | 17a (37.77) | 1 (2.22) | 17a (37.77) | 0 (0) | 18a (40) | 0 (0) | 18a (40) | parC+/parE–/gyrA+ |
4a (8.88) | 0 (0) | 6a (13.33) | 0 (0) | 6a (13.33) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 4 (8.88) | 1 (2.22) | 6 (13.33) | parC+/parE+/gyrA– |
3a (6.66) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.66) | parC–/parE+/gyrA+ |
0 (0) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.88) | 4 (8.88) | 4 (8.88) | parC+/parE+/gyrA+ |
0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | parC–/parE–/gyrA– |
PCR conditions | Amplicon size (bp) | Primer (5′–3′) | Gene |
---|---|---|---|
One cycle of 5 min at 94°C; 32 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 61°C, 1 min at 72°C; one cycle of 8 min at 72°C | 360 | F: 5′-TGG GTT GAA GCC GGT TCA-3′ R: 5′-TGC TGG CAA GAC CGT TGG-3′ | parC |
One cycle of 5 min at 94°C; 32 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 61°C, 1 min at 72°C; one cycle of 8 min at 72°C | 290 | F: 5′-AAG GCG CGT GAT GAG AGC-3′ R: 5′-TCT GCT CCA ACA CCC GCA-3′ | parE |
One cycle of 5 min at 94°C; 32 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 57°C, 1 min at 72°C; one cycle of 8 min at 72°C | 380 | F: 5′-CCG TCG CAT TCT TTA CG-3′ R: 5′-AGT TGC TCC ATT AAC CA-3′ | gyrA |
Susceptible (%) | Intermediate (%) | Resistance (%) | Antibiotic |
---|---|---|---|
4 (8.89) | 4 (8.89) | 37 (82.22) | Nalidixic acid |
5 (11.11) | 7 (15.56) | 33 (73.33) | Ciprofloxacin |
6 (13.33) | 15 (33.33) | 24 (53.33) | Ofloxacin |
8 (7.78) | 15 (33.33) | 22 (48.89) | Norfloxacin |
14 (31.11) | 12 (26.67) | 19 (42.22) | Levofloxacin |
LEV | OFL | NOR | CIP | NA | Mutation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | SR | R | |
1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | parC+/parE–/gyrA– |
1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.88) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 1 (2.22) | 4 (8.88) | 2 (4.44) | 3 (6.66) | parC–/parE–/gyrA+ |
2 (4.44) | 16 | 1 (2.22) | 17 | 1 (2.22) | 17 | 0 (0) | 18 | 0 (0) | 18 | parC+/parE–/gyrA+ |
4 | 0 (0) | 6 | 0 (0) | 6 | 0 (0) | 2 (4.44) | 4 (8.88) | 1 (2.22) | 6 (13.33) | parC+/parE+/gyrA– |
3 | 0 (0) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 2 (4.44) | 1 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.66) | parC–/parE+/gyrA+ |
0 (0) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (6.66) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.88) | 4 (8.88) | 4 (8.88) | parC+/parE+/gyrA+ |
0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | parC–/parE–/gyrA– |
PCR = polymerase chain reaction; QRDR = quinolone resistance-determining region.
CIP = ciprofloxacin; LEV = levofloxacin; NA = nalidixic acid; NOR = norfloxacin; OFL = ofloxacin; R = resistance; SR = semiresistance. Significant correlation.