aDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
bResearch Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2016 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1998 | 2001 | 2005 | 2007–2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total participants | 7,292 | 6,880 | 6,384 | 15,930 |
Men (%)∗ | 3,401 (46.6) | 3,159 (45.9) | 2,863 (44.9) | 6,497 (40.8) |
Age groups (y) | ||||
21–29∗ | 1,341 (18.4) | 1,158 (16.8) | 903 (14.1) | 1,783 (11.2) |
30–49∗ | 3,327 (45.6) | 3,406 (49.5) | 3,025 (47.4) | 6,386 (40.1) |
50–64∗ | 1,650 (22.6) | 1,400 (20.4) | 1,452 (22.7) | 3,970 (24.9) |
≥65 ∗ | 974 (13.4) | 916 (13.3) | 1,004 (15.7) | 3,791 (23.8) |
Red meat intake∗,†,‡ | ||||
Mean ± SE | 63.0 ± 1.3 | 53.6 ± 1.4 | 64.8 ± 1.5 | 60.6 ± 1.1 |
Median (95% CL) | 26.5 (25.1–27.9) | 4.9 (1.3–8.6) | 25.8 (23.5–28.2) | 24.4 (22.8–26.0) |
Alcohol intake∗,†,§ | ||||
Mean ± SE | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 11.7 ± 0.4 |
Median (95% CL) | 1.7 (–3.4 to 3.4) | 0.0 (–3.4 to 3.4) | 0.0 (–3.8 to 3.8) | 0.0 (–3.5 to 3.5) |
Fruit/vegetable intake∗,†,|| | ||||
Mean ± SE | 367.4 ± 4.5 | 391.5 ± 4.7 | 283.0 ± 3.7 | 350.5 ± 3.5 |
Median (95% CL) | 277.5 (268.5–286.5) | 307.8 (298.8–316.8) | 219.2 (211.7–226.6) | 254.7 (248.7–260.7) |
CL = confidence limits; KNHANES = Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SE = standard error.
CRDF (g/d) | Sex | Age group (y) | 1998 | 2001 | 2005 | 2007–2009 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red meat∗ | Men | 21–29† | 91.6 ± 5.9 | 63.6 ± 5.1 | 92.9 ± 6.4 | 111.3 ± 6.2 |
30–49 | 88.7 ± 3.4 | 81.8 ± 4.0 | 94.0 ± 3.6 | 88.6 ± 2.8 | ||
50–64 | 61.9 ± 4.0 | 50.8 ± 3.9 | 56.5 ± 3.9 | 61.2 ± 3.0 | ||
≥65 | 35.3 ± 3.2 | 40.5 ± 4.8 | 35.4 ± 4.3 | 33.4 ± 2.1 | ||
Total† | 79.3 ± 2.3 | 67.7 ± 2.4 | 80.5 ± 2.4 | 80.8 ± 1.9 | ||
Women | 21–29† | 64.2 ± 4.0 | 48.8 ± 3.6 | 72.1 ± 5.1 | 62.9 ± 3.0 | |
30–49† | 54.5 ± 2.3 | 51.5 ± 2.6 | 55.2 ± 2.4 | 45.7 ± 1.4 | ||
50–64 | 32.5 ± 2.2 | 29.5 ± 2.4 | 34.8 ± 2.9 | 29.8 ± 1.4 | ||
≥65 | 23.9 ± 2.2 | 20.4 ± 2.2 | 20.9 ± 2.4 | 18.0 ± 1.1 | ||
Total† | 48.2 ± 1.4 | 41.8 ± 1.5 | 49.3 ± 1.7 | 40.7 ± 0.9 | ||
Alcohol‡ | Men | 21–29 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 15.9 ± 2.3 | 20.3 ± 2.2 |
30–49† | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 12.3 ± 0.8 | 17.0 ± 1.2 | 22.5 ± 1.1 | ||
50–64† | 11.1 ± 1.2 | 11.2 ± 1.2 | 15.5 ± 2.0 | 19.9 ± 1.9 | ||
≥65 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | ||
Total† | 10.3 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 0.6 | 15.6 ± 0.9 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | ||
Women | 21–29 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | |
30–49† | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | ||
50–64 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | ||
≥65 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | ||
Total† | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | ||
Fruit/vegetables§ | Men | 21–29† | 349.4 ± 15.8 | 336.5 ± 14.5 | 260.1 ± 12.3 | 306.7 ± 12.4 |
30–49† | 382.6 ± 8.8 | 392.5 ± 10.0 | 315.8 ± 7.8 | 379.9 ± 8.1 | ||
50–64† | 346.5 ± 13.6 | 382.0 ± 12.5 | 296.8 ± 12.3 | 378.0 ± 9.8 | ||
≥65† | 264.5 ± 16.6 | 341.6 ± 18.9 | 235.2 ± 11.5 | 286.8 ± 8.8 | ||
Total† | 358.6 ± 6.3 | 375.1 ± 6.6 | 291.9 ± 5.4 | 354.6 ± 5.2 | ||
Women | 21–29† | 393.3 ± 15.4 | 383.9 ± 16.3 | 272.8 ± 12.6 | 292.5 ± 11.8 | |
30–49† | 414.5 ± 9.8 | 435.9 ± 9.3 | 297.7 ± 7.8 | 374.7 ± 7.2 | ||
50–64† | 349.7 ± 13.0 | 430.4 ± 15.5 | 281.2 ± 10.7 | 405.2 ± 12.0 | ||
≥65† | 244.5 ± 11.5 | 294.4 ± 11.9 | 192.7 ± 8.9 | 247.1 ± 7.6 | ||
Total† | 375.4 ± 6.4 | 405.2 ± 6.5 | 274.3 ± 5.0 | 346.5 ± 4.8 |
CRDF | Sex | Age group (y) | 1998 | 2001 | 2005 | 2007–2009 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red meat∗ | Men | 21–29† | 36.2 | 28.8 | 40.9 | 47.2 |
30–49† | 36.9 | 31.1 | 41.8 | 39.2 | ||
50–64 | 27.9 | 23.5 | 27.6 | 28.0 | ||
≥65 | 16.9 | 17.8 | 16.7 | 15.7 | ||
Total | 32.5 | 27.7 | 34.8 | 31.6 | ||
Women | 21–29† | 28.2 | 20.7 | 34.3 | 30.9 | |
30–49 | 24.6 | 21.6 | 26.8 | 22.5 | ||
50–64 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 16.5 | 13.6 | ||
≥65 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 8.1 | ||
Total | 20.8 | 17.9 | 22.7 | 17.8 | ||
Alcohol‡ | Men | 21–29† | 13.4 | 16.3 | 18.9 | 21.0 |
30–49† | 18.2 | 18.3 | 22.5 | 26.4 | ||
50–64† | 20.7 | 19.0 | 21.0 | 25.7 | ||
≥65 | 12.2 | 13.6 | 14.6 | 16.3 | ||
Total† | 17.2 | 17.6 | 20.4 | 23.3 | ||
Women | 21–29† | 4.9 | 6.1 | 8.7 | 12.9 | |
30–49† | 4.4 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 10.8 | ||
50–64† | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 5.6 | ||
≥65 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.4 | ||
Total† | 4.1 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 7.8 | ||
Fruits/vegetables§ | Men | 21–29† | 70.1 | 71.0 | 80.8 | 75.2 |
30–49† | 65.3 | 63.1 | 72.1 | 67.0 | ||
50–64 | 70.3 | 60.7 | 74.8 | 64.6 | ||
≥65† | 81.2 | 69.2 | 84.3 | 74.9 | ||
Total† | 69.0 | 64.6 | 75.7 | 69.2 | ||
Women | 21–29† | 66.2 | 64.5 | 79.9 | 75.2 | |
30–49† | 60.0 | 57.1 | 75.5 | 64.7 | ||
50–64 | 69.0 | 58.3 | 74.8 | 62.9 | ||
≥65 | 81.0 | 74.4 | 89.0 | 80.5 | ||
Total† | 66.4 | 61.2 | 78.3 | 69.3 |
Values are given as percentages.
CRDF = cancer-related dietary factors; WCRF/AICR = World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research.
Number of risk factors∗ |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
n (%) | ||||
Total | 3,174 (19.9)† | 9,107 (57.2) | 3,049 (19.1) | 600 (3.8) |
Participants with risk factors | ||||
Red meat | 0 (0.0)‡ | 1,093 (12.0) | 2,044 (67.0) | 600 (100.0) |
Alcohol | 0 (0.0) | 288 (3.2) | 1,355 (44.4) | 600 (100.0) |
Fruits and vegetables | 0 (0.0) | 7,726 (84.8) | 2,699 (88.5) | 600 (100.0) |
Mean intake | Mean ± SE (g) | |||
Red meat§ | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 37.5 ± 1.1 | 122.7 ± 2.9 | 200.0 ± 6.6 |
Alcohol§,|| | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 30.0 ± 1.3 | 74.0 ± 2.8 |
Fruits/vegetables§,¶ | 754.0 ± 9.3 | 266.4 ± 4.0 | 250.8 ± 4.8 | 217.0 ± 5.2 |
Mean intakes were weighted with the nutrition survey weight.
KNHANES = Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SE = standard error; WCRF/AICR = World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research.
∗ Whether participants have risk factors was determined with the criteria in the WCRF/AICR report. Participants who consumed ≥ 71.4 g red meat per day and/or < 400 g fruits and vegetables per day were classified as risk groups for cancer. For alcoholic drinks, men who consumed over two drinks and women who consumed over one drink per day were also classified as risk groups for cancer.