aDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
bMedical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
© 2016 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
qnr genes | Sequence (5'→3′) | Annealing temperatures (°C) | References |
---|---|---|---|
qnrA1–6 |
ACG CCAGGATTTGAGTGAC CCAGGCACAGATCTTGAC |
53 | [17] |
qnrB1–3, 5, 6, 8 |
GGCACTGAATTT ATCGGC TCCGAATTGGTCAGATCG |
49 | [17] |
qnrB4 |
AGTTGTGATCTCTCCATGGC CGGATATCTAAATCGCCCAG |
53 | [17] |
qnrS1–2 |
CCTACAATCATACAT ATCGGC GCTTCGAGAATCAGTTCTTGC |
53 | [17] |
qnr genes | Sequence (5'→3′) | Annealing temperatures (°C) | References |
---|---|---|---|
qnrA1–6 | ACG CCAGGATTTGAGTGAC CCAGGCACAGATCTTGAC | 53 | |
qnrB1–3, 5, 6, 8 | GGCACTGAATTT ATCGGC TCCGAATTGGTCAGATCG | 49 | |
qnrB4 | AGTTGTGATCTCTCCATGGC CGGATATCTAAATCGCCCAG | 53 | |
qnrS1–2 | CCTACAATCATACAT ATCGGC GCTTCGAGAATCAGTTCTTGC | 53 |
Antibiotics | S n (%) | I n (%) | R n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Nalidixic acid | 65 (32.5) | 2 (1) | 133 (66.5) |
Gatifloxacin | 84 (42) | – | 116 (58) |
Levofloxacin | 85 (42.5) | 3 (1.5) | 112 (56) |
Ciprofloxacin | 88 (44) | – | 112 (56) |
Norfloxacin | 89 (44.5) | – | 111 (55.5) |
Imipenem | 182 (91) | 16 (8) | 2 (1) |
Meropenem | 186 (93) | 12 (6) | 2 (1) |
Isolates | City | Age (y)/sex | Ward | Resistance level to fluoroquinolone | Antibiotic-susceptibility profile | ERIC profile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC 36 | Qazvin | 32/Female | Internal | High | NA = R, CIP = R, LEV = R, NOR = R, GAT = R, IMP = S, MEM = S | A |
EC 75 | Zanjan | 70/Female | Intensive care unit | High | NA = R, CIP = R, LEV = R, NOR = R, GAT = R, IMP = S, MEM = S | B |
EC 76 | Qazvin | 42/Male | Internal | Low | NA = R, CIP = S, LEV = S, NOR = S, GAT = S, IMP = S, MEM = S | C |
EC 127 | Zanjan | 59/Female | Internal | High | NA = R, CIP = S, LEV = S, NOR = S, GAT = S, IMP = R, MEM = R | B |
I = intermediate; R = resistant; S = susceptible.
CIP = ciprofloxacin; ERIC = enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus; GAT = gatifloxacin; IMP = imipenem; LEV = levofloxacin; MEM = meropenem; NA = nalidixic acid; R = resistant; S = susceptible.