Figure 1Map of location of small-town San Juan Cosala, situated on the banks of Lake Chapala, Jalisco state, Mexico, Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates longitude: 103°19′56.90 W, latitude 20°17′04.50″ N.
Figure 2It shows the prevalence by parasitic species, the most prevalent protozoan was Blastocysts spp.
Figure 3The polyparasitism rate was 58.64% in the population of San Juan Cosala, analysed by the number of parasites; up to 6 parasites were found simltaneously.
Table 1Socio-demographic characteristics and association with intestinal parasites in the population of San Juan Cosala.
Variable |
Number |
Positives |
% |
X2
|
p
|
OR |
95% CI |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 18 |
56 |
46 |
82.1 |
1.27 |
0.259 |
1.70 |
0.67–4.35 |
≥ 18 (Adult) |
48 |
35 |
72.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Housewife |
30 |
25 |
83.3 |
4.6 |
0.039 |
4.37 |
1.08–17.68 |
Other |
31 |
21 |
53.3 |
|
|
|
|
Student |
43 |
35 |
81.3 |
1.8 |
0.083 |
0.48 |
0.15–1.4 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female |
62 |
47 |
75.8 |
0.385 |
0.535 |
0.73 |
0.28–1.94 |
Male |
42 |
34 |
81.0 |
|
|
|
|
Table 2Personal hygiene, presence of rodents, insects inside the house and association with enteroparasites.
Variable |
Number |
Positives |
% |
X2
|
p
|
OR |
95% CI |
Washing hands before eating and after going to the bathroom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
21 |
17 |
81.0 |
0.144 |
0.959 |
1.262 |
0.38–4.20 |
Yes |
83 |
64 |
77.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Overcrowding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
78 |
62 |
79.5 |
0.137 |
0.711 |
1.224 |
0.42–3.57 |
No |
25 |
19 |
76.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rodents and insects inside the house |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes, rats |
55 |
43 |
78.2 |
0.006 |
0.938 |
1.037 |
0.41–2.62 |
No, rats |
49 |
38 |
77.6 |
|
|
|
|
Yes, flies |
66 |
51 |
77.3 |
0.039 |
0.843 |
0.907 |
0.34–2.39 |
No, flies |
38 |
30 |
78.9 |
|
|
|
|
Yes, cockroaches |
88 |
68 |
77.3 |
0.124 |
1.000 |
0.785 |
0.20–3.03 |
No, cockroaches |
16 |
13 |
81.3 |
|
|
|
|
Table 3Construction characteristics and public housing services and association with enteroparasites.
Characteristics |
Number |
Positive |
% |
X2
|
p
|
OR |
95% CI |
Concrete ceiling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
34 |
29 |
85.3 |
1.61 |
0.205 |
2.008 |
0.68–5.97 |
Yes |
70 |
52 |
74.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Cement floor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
67 |
47 |
91.9 |
6.54 |
0.011 |
0.207 |
0.06–0.75 |
Yes |
37 |
34 |
70.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Brick walls or decks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
32 |
30 |
93.8 |
6.75 |
0.009 |
6.176 |
1.35–28.21 |
Yes |
72 |
51 |
70.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Public services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sewer System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
13 |
13 |
100 |
2.66 |
0.1029 |
4.87 |
0.61–39.02 |
Yes |
91 |
68 |
74.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Electric lighting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
4 |
4 |
100 |
0.15 |
1.000 |
1.538 |
0.61–39.09 |
Yes |
100 |
77 |
77 |
|
|
|
|
|
Plumbing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
5 |
5 |
100 |
0.331 |
0.975 |
1.87 |
0.21–16.31 |
Yes |
99 |
76 |
76.8 |
|
|
|
|
Table 4Clinical manifestations and association with enteroparasites in the San Juan Cosala population.
Clinical manifestation |
Number |
Positive |
% |
X2
|
p
|
OR |
95% CI |
Nausea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
84 |
66 |
81.4 |
1.11 |
0.72 |
0.81 |
0.26–2.8 |
Yes |
20 |
15 |
18.51 |
|
|
|
|
|
Vomiting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
89 |
70 |
78.7 |
0.21 |
0.64 |
0.74 |
0.21–2.9 |
Yes |
15 |
11 |
13.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Reduced appetite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
55 |
42 |
76.4 |
0.15 |
0.69 |
1.2 |
0.46–3.4 |
Yes |
49 |
39 |
79.54 |
|
|
|
|
|
Abdominal pain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
45 |
38 |
84.4 |
1.98 |
0.15 |
0.49 |
0.17–1.3 |
Yes |
59 |
43 |
72.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Epigastric pain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
63 |
53 |
84.1 |
3.6 |
0.51 |
0.41 |
0.15–1.06 |
Yes |
41 |
28 |
68.29 |
|
|
|
|
|
Watery diarrhea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
66 |
54 |
81.8 |
0.16 |
0.20 |
0.54 |
0.21–1.4 |
Yes |
38 |
24 |
63.15 |
|
|
|
|
|
Mucusy diarrhea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
86 |
68 |
79.1 |
0.26 |
0.52 |
0.69 |
0.21–2.4 |
Yes |
18 |
76 |
72.22 |
|
|
|
|
|
Bloody diarrhea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
93 |
74 |
79.6 |
1.4 |
0.22 |
0.45 |
0.11–1.9 |
Ye |
11 |
7 |
64.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Flatulence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
66 |
54 |
81.8 |
1.62 |
0.20 |
0.54 |
0.21–1.4 |
Yes |
38 |
27 |
71.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Constipation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
59 |
48 |
81.4 |
0.95 |
0.32 |
0.63 |
0.24–1.6 |
Yes |
45 |
33 |
73.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tenesmus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
54 |
45 |
83.3 |
1.93 |
0.16 |
0.51 |
0.19–1.3 |
Yes |
50 |
36 |
72.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Anal itching |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
61 |
49 |
80.3 |
0.51 |
0.47 |
0.71 |
0.27–1.8 |
Yes |
43 |
32 |
74.41 |
|
|
|
|
|
Abdominal distension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
42 |
32 |
76.2 |
0.11 |
0.73 |
1.17 |
0.44–3.0 |
Yes |
62 |
49 |
79.0 |
|
|
|
|