Table 1Sociodemographic characteristics between elderly Koreans with and without activity limitation.
Parameters (or variables) |
Gender |
Chi |
p
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
|
|
|
|
N
|
% |
SE |
N
|
% |
SE |
|
|
Age group (y) |
20–44 |
2,702 |
57.2 |
0.8 |
3,984 |
54.7 |
0.7 |
8.40 |
0.006 |
45–64 |
2,780 |
42.8 |
0.8 |
4,243 |
45.3 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Income |
Low |
1,336 |
25.8 |
0.9 |
1,997 |
25.3 |
0.7 |
1.46 |
0.718 |
Low-intermediate |
1,393 |
25.8 |
0.8 |
2,039 |
25.4 |
0.6 |
|
|
Intermediate-high |
1,341 |
24.5 |
0.7 |
2,063 |
24.6 |
0.6 |
|
|
High |
1,371 |
23.9 |
0.9 |
2,080 |
24.7 |
0.8 |
|
|
|
Household income |
Low |
507 |
9.4 |
0.5 |
842 |
9.7 |
0.5 |
10.41 |
0.020 |
Low-intermediate |
1,277 |
23.8 |
0.8 |
2,115 |
26.1 |
0.7 |
|
|
Intermediate-high |
1,702 |
32.3 |
0.9 |
2,477 |
31.0 |
0.7 |
|
|
High |
1,955 |
34.5 |
1.0 |
2,745 |
33.2 |
0.9 |
|
|
|
Education |
Elementary |
453 |
6.8 |
0.4 |
1,138 |
11.3 |
0.4 |
110.75 |
< 0.001 |
Middle school |
476 |
7.7 |
0.4 |
870 |
10.0 |
0.4 |
|
|
High school |
2,111 |
43.2 |
0.8 |
3,054 |
40.4 |
0.7 |
|
|
University |
2,270 |
42.3 |
0.9 |
2,969 |
38.3 |
0.8 |
|
|
|
Profession |
Professional/manager |
1,055 |
19.8 |
0.7 |
1,132 |
14.7 |
0.5 |
1323.81 |
< 0.001 |
Office worker |
753 |
13.5 |
0.5 |
755 |
10.0 |
0.4 |
|
|
Sales/service |
686 |
13.5 |
0.6 |
1,310 |
16.7 |
0.5 |
|
|
Physical worker |
1,877 |
34.1 |
0.9 |
1,241 |
14.2 |
0.5 |
|
|
None |
914 |
19.0 |
0.7 |
3,591 |
44.4 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Marital status |
Unmarried |
1,268 |
30.7 |
0.9 |
1,255 |
19.5 |
0.6 |
285.26 |
< 0.001 |
Married |
3,955 |
64.8 |
0.9 |
6,168 |
71.9 |
0.7 |
|
|
Separated/divorced |
254 |
4.5 |
0.3 |
794 |
8.6 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Living |
Alone |
349 |
6.9 |
0.5 |
417 |
4.5 |
0.3 |
39.06 |
< 0.001 |
With others |
5,133 |
93.1 |
0.5 |
7,810 |
95.5 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Perceived health status |
Good |
1,976 |
37.9 |
0.8 |
2,384 |
29.9 |
0.6 |
113.75 |
< 0.001 |
Moderate |
2,656 |
49.4 |
0.8 |
4,276 |
53.0 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
Poor |
689 |
12.7 |
0.5 |
1,388 |
17.1 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Economic activity |
No |
914 |
18.9 |
0.7 |
3,591 |
44.3 |
0.7 |
987.30 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
4,397 |
81.1 |
0.7 |
4,446 |
55.7 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Currently smoking |
No |
3,175 |
56.6 |
0.8 |
7,792 |
93.8 |
0.3 |
2587.58 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
2,305 |
43.4 |
0.8 |
433 |
6.2 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Strenuous physical activity |
No |
2,758 |
80.2 |
0.8 |
4,127 |
86.5 |
0.6 |
57.06 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
637 |
19.8 |
0.8 |
636 |
13.5 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
Moderate physical activity |
No |
3,125 |
91.4 |
0.6 |
4,518 |
94.9 |
0.4 |
38.03 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
270 |
8.6 |
0.6 |
244 |
5.1 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Walking (> 30 m/d) |
No |
3,187 |
58.9 |
0.9 |
5,056 |
62.3 |
0.7 |
15.67 |
0.001 |
Yes |
2,119 |
41.1 |
0.97 |
2,978 |
37.7 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Obesity (BMI) |
< 18.5 |
121 |
2.6 |
0.3 |
506 |
7.3 |
0.4 |
397.43 |
< 0.001 |
≤ 18.5, < 25 |
3,183 |
58.2 |
0.7 |
5,529 |
67.2 |
0.6 |
|
|
≤25 |
2,167 |
39.3 |
0.7 |
2,182 |
25.5 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
Stress |
Little |
4,082 |
73.4 |
0.7 |
5,985 |
71.1 |
0.6 |
9.06 |
0.014 |
A lot |
1,398 |
26.6 |
0.7 |
2,241 |
28.9 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
Experience of depressive feeling (over 2 wks) |
No |
4,676 |
91.7 |
0.5 |
5,959 |
84.9 |
0.5 |
136.10 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
422 |
8.3 |
0.5 |
1,043 |
15.1 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Suicide ideation |
No |
4,831 |
94.9 |
0.4 |
6,395 |
91.2 |
0.4 |
62.71 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
268 |
5.1 |
0.4 |
607 |
8.8 |
0.4 |
|
|
Table 2Association between problematic alcohol drinking and socio-demographic characteristics, health status, health behaviors, and mental health by gender.
Variables |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
|
|
% |
SE |
Chi |
p
|
% |
SE |
Chi |
p
|
Total |
Age group (y) |
20–44 |
16.1 |
0.8 |
25.24 |
< 0.001 |
4.8 |
0.4 |
61.59 |
< 0.001 |
45–64 |
21.5 |
0.9 |
|
|
1.6 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Income |
Low |
17.5 |
1.2 |
5.82 |
0.234 |
3.6 |
0.5 |
3.68 |
0.478 |
Low-intermediate |
17.1 |
1.1 |
|
|
3.8 |
0.5 |
|
|
Intermediate-high |
19.1 |
1.3 |
|
|
3.1 |
0.4 |
|
|
High |
20.2 |
1.3 |
|
|
2.9 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Household income |
Low |
14.8 |
1.7 |
10.61 |
0.035 |
3.9 |
0.8 |
2.68 |
0.605 |
Low-intermediate |
18.5 |
1.2 |
|
|
3.1 |
0.5 |
|
|
Intermediate-high |
17.4 |
1.1 |
|
|
3.7 |
0.5 |
|
|
High |
20.4 |
1.0 |
|
|
3.0 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Education |
Elementary |
23.5 |
2.4 |
26.80 |
< 0.001 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
31.77 |
< 0.001 |
Middle school |
22.7 |
2.3 |
|
|
2.0 |
0.6 |
|
|
High school |
19.7 |
0.9 |
|
|
4.6 |
0.5 |
|
|
University |
15.5 |
0.9 |
|
|
2.6 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Profession |
Professional/manager |
15.5 |
1.2 |
57.32 |
< 0.001 |
2.8 |
0.6 |
42.78 |
< 0.001 |
Office worker |
21.3 |
1.8 |
|
|
3.6 |
0.8 |
|
|
Sales/service |
19.9 |
1.9 |
|
|
6.0 |
0.8 |
|
|
Physical worker |
22.2 |
1.1 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.5 |
|
|
None |
11.7 |
1.2 |
|
|
2.8 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Marital status |
Unmarried |
12.5 |
1.1 |
60.72 |
< 0.001 |
6.8 |
0.8 |
81.61 |
< 0.001 |
Married |
20.7 |
0.8 |
|
|
2.3 |
0.3 |
|
|
Separated/divorced |
26.0 |
3.2 |
|
|
4.3 |
0.9 |
|
|
|
Living |
Alone |
19.7 |
2.6 |
0.48 |
0.587 |
5.8 |
1.4 |
7.13 |
0.019 |
With others |
18.3 |
0.6 |
|
|
3.2 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Perceived health status |
Good |
15.0 |
0.9 |
44.80 |
< 0.001 |
2.6 |
0.4 |
30.29 |
< 0.001 |
Moderate |
19.1 |
0.8 |
|
|
2.9 |
0.3 |
|
|
Poor |
26.3 |
1.9 |
|
|
5.7 |
0.8 |
|
|
|
Economic activity |
No |
11.7 |
1.2 |
36.58 |
< 0.001 |
2.8 |
0.3 |
4.50 |
0.085 |
Yes |
20.0 |
0.7 |
|
|
3.7 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Currently smoking |
No |
13.2 |
0.7 |
130.26 |
< 0.001 |
2.4 |
0.2 |
322.73 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
25.2 |
1.0 |
|
|
17.3 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
Strenuous physical activity |
No |
20.3 |
0.8 |
1.04 |
0.379 |
3.3 |
0.4 |
8.29 |
0.015 |
Yes |
18.6 |
1.8 |
|
|
5.6 |
1.1 |
|
|
|
Moderate physical activity |
No |
20.2 |
0.8 |
0.80 |
0.427 |
3.5 |
0.4 |
1.01 |
0.417 |
Yes |
18.0 |
2.5 |
|
|
4.8 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
Walking (> 30 m/d) |
No |
19.7 |
0.8 |
7.7 |
0.020 |
3.5 |
0.3 |
1.17 |
0.388 |
Yes |
16.7 |
0.9 |
|
|
3.0 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
Obesity (BMI) |
< 18.5 |
6.7 |
2.3 |
20.6 |
< 0.001 |
3.4 |
0.8 |
0.07 |
0.978 |
≤ 18.5, < 25 |
17.5 |
0.8 |
|
|
3.4 |
0.3 |
|
|
≤ 25 |
20.5 |
1.0 |
|
|
3.3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
Sleep (h) |
< 6 |
21.7 |
1.9 |
7.36 |
0.130 |
4.2 |
0.8 |
14.43 |
0.028 |
6 |
18.4 |
1.0 |
|
|
3.3 |
0.5 |
|
|
7–8 |
17.5 |
0.8 |
|
|
2.9 |
0.3 |
|
|
> 9 |
21.0 |
2.8 |
|
|
5.4 |
1.2 |
|
|
|
Stress |
Little |
15.9 |
0.6 |
64.38 |
< 0.001 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
87.24 |
< 0.001 |
A lot |
25.4 |
1.3 |
|
|
6.3 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
Experience of depressive feeling (over 2 wks) |
No |
19.0 |
0.6 |
28.44 |
< 0.001 |
2.8 |
0.3 |
129.22 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
29.8 |
2.5 |
|
|
10.2 |
1.1 |
|
|
|
Suicide ideation |
No |
19.1 |
0.6 |
32.3 |
< 0.001 |
3.3 |
0.3 |
78.56 |
< 0.001 |
Yes |
33.5 |
3.3 |
|
|
10.6 |
1.6 |
|
|
Table 3The predictive factors for problematic alcohol drinking by gender.
Variables (reference) |
OR |
95% CI |
p
|
Male |
Household income (low) |
Low-intermediate |
1.25 |
0.97 |
1.62 |
0.091 |
Intermediate-high |
1.30 |
0.99 |
1.70 |
0.055 |
High |
1.69 |
1.29 |
2.21 |
< 0.001 |
|
Education (university) |
Elementary |
1.54 |
1.13 |
2.09 |
< 0.001 |
Middle school |
1.44 |
1.05 |
1.96 |
0.023 |
High school |
1.47 |
1.20 |
1.79 |
< 0.001 |
|
Marital status (married) |
Unmarried |
0.61 |
0.49 |
0.76 |
< 0.001 |
Separated/divorced |
1.18 |
0.85 |
1.63 |
0.332 |
|
Profession (professional/manager) |
Office worker |
1.29 |
0.96 |
1.72 |
0.091 |
Sales/service |
1.13 |
0.81 |
1.56 |
0.468 |
Physical worker |
1.14 |
0.87 |
1.50 |
0.342 |
None |
0.65 |
0.47 |
0.90 |
0.009 |
|
Perceived health status (good) |
Moderate |
1.14 |
0.96 |
1.36 |
0.147 |
Poor |
1.46 |
1.12 |
1.90 |
0.005 |
|
Currently smoking (no) |
Yes |
1.99 |
1.70 |
2.34 |
<0.001 |
|
Stress (little) |
A lot |
1.59 |
1.32 |
1.90 |
< 0.001 |
|
Experience of depressive feeling (over 2 wks) |
|
1.53 |
1.19 |
1.97 |
0.001 |
|
Female |
|
Education (university) |
Elementary |
0.87 |
0.48 |
1.58 |
0.649 |
Middle school |
0.79 |
0.42 |
1.48 |
0.455 |
High school |
1.78 |
1.25 |
2.53 |
0.001 |
|
Marital status (married) |
Unmarried |
2.61 |
1.85 |
3.67 |
< 0.001 |
Separated/divorced |
1.21 |
0.71 |
2.07 |
0.482 |
|
Currently smoking (no) |
Yes |
5.37 |
3.68 |
7.82 |
< 0.001 |
|
Stress (little) |
A lot |
1.63 |
1.13 |
2.35 |
0.001 |
|
Experience of depressive feeling (over 2 wks) |
|
2.90 |
2.08 |
4.04 |
< 0.001 |