Table 1General characteristics of participants (n = 418).
Characteristics |
Categories |
n
|
% |
Gender |
Male |
206 |
49.3 |
Female |
212 |
50.7 |
|
Age (y) |
19 – 29 |
1 |
0.2 |
30 – 39 |
8 |
1.9 |
40 – 49 |
22 |
5.3 |
50 – 59 |
73 |
17.5 |
60 – 69 |
149 |
35.6 |
70 or older |
165 |
39.5 |
|
Education level |
Primary school diploma or lower |
202 |
48.3 |
Middle school diploma |
55 |
13.2 |
High school diploma |
105 |
25.1 |
Bachelor’s degree or lower |
51 |
12.2 |
Not answered |
5 |
1.2 |
|
Occupation |
Manager and specialist |
23 |
5.5 |
Office worker |
7 |
1.7 |
Service and sales worker |
31 |
7.4 |
Agriculture and fishery worker |
22 |
5.3 |
Functional worker and machine operator |
34 |
8.1 |
Simple labour |
44 |
10.5 |
Unemployed including housewife) |
252 |
60.3 |
Not answered |
5 |
1.2 |
|
Income quartile (household) |
Low |
151 |
36.1 |
Medium low |
128 |
30.6 |
Medium high |
70 |
16.7 |
High |
66 |
15.9 |
Not answered |
3 |
0.7 |
|
Marital status |
I have a spouse and live together. |
296 |
70.8 |
I have a spouse but I live separately. |
3 |
0.7 |
Bereaved |
79 |
18.9 |
Divorced |
25 |
6.0 |
Not answered |
15 |
3.6 |
|
Subjective health status |
Very good |
15 |
3.6 |
Good |
47 |
11.2 |
Normal |
181 |
43.3 |
Bad |
114 |
27.3 |
Very bad |
61 |
14.6 |
Table 2Overview of physical activity in the adults with diabetes (n = 418).
Characteristics |
Categories |
n
|
% |
Work: High-intensity physical activity |
Yes |
3 |
0.7 |
No |
415 |
99.3 |
|
Work: Number of days of engaging in high-intensity physical activity (n = 3) |
1 to 2 d |
0 |
0.0 |
3 to 4 d |
3 |
100.0 |
5 to 6 d |
0 |
0.0 |
7 d |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Work: Moderate-intensity physical activity |
Yes |
32 |
7.7 |
No |
386 |
92.3 |
|
Work: Number of days of engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity (n = 32) |
1 to 2 d |
10 |
31.3 |
3 to 4 d |
12 |
37.5 |
5 to 6 d |
5 |
15.6 |
7 d |
5 |
15.6 |
|
Travelling: Physical activity |
Yes |
218 |
52.2 |
No |
197 |
47.1 |
|
Travelling: Number of activity days (n = 218) |
1 to 2 d |
39 |
17.8 |
3 to 4 d |
60 |
27.5 |
5 to 6 d |
47 |
21.5 |
7 d |
72 |
33.2 |
|
Leisure: High-intensity physical activity |
Yes |
27 |
6.5 |
No |
388 |
92.8 |
|
Leisure: Number of days of engaging in high-intensity physical activity (n = 27) |
1 to 2 d |
7 |
25.9 |
3 to 4 d |
8 |
29.7 |
5 to 6 d |
6 |
22.2 |
7 d |
6 |
22.2 |
|
Leisure: Moderate-intensity physical activity |
Yes |
74 |
17.7 |
No |
341 |
81.6 |
|
Leisure: Number of days of engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity (n = 74) |
1 to 2 d |
16 |
21.6 |
3 to 4 d |
23 |
31.1 |
5 to 6 d |
17 |
22.9 |
7 d |
18 |
24.4 |
|
Number of days of walking per week |
I do not walk at all |
109 |
26.1 |
1 to 2 d |
51 |
12.2 |
3 to 4 d |
64 |
15.3 |
5 to 6 d |
67 |
16.1 |
7 d |
127 |
30.3 |
|
Number of days of engaging in muscle training exercise per week |
I do not engage in muscle training at all |
336 |
80.4 |
1 to 2 d |
20 |
4.8 |
3 to 4 d |
19 |
4.6 |
5 to 6 d |
43 |
10.2 |
7 d |
0 |
0.0 |
Table 3Effects of physical activity and socio-demographic characteristics on depression.
Categories |
|
Depression |
|
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
p
|
β |
SE |
β |
|
Physical Activity |
Work: High-intensity physical activity |
−0.967 |
0.635 |
−0.076 |
0.128 |
Work: Number of days of engaging in high-intensity physical activity |
−4.544 |
1.310 |
−0.171 |
0.001 **
|
Work: Moderate-intensity physical activity |
−1.462 |
0.510 |
−0.142 |
0.004**
|
Work: Number of days of engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity |
−1.708 |
0.387 |
−0.216 |
< 0.001 ***
|
Travelling: Physical activity |
0.094 |
0.459 |
0.010 |
0.838 |
Travelling: Number of days of engaging in physical activity |
0.012 |
0.220 |
0.003 |
0.955 |
Leisure: High-intensity physical activity |
0.462 |
0.476 |
0.048 |
0.332 |
Leisure: Number of days of engaging in high-intensity physical activity |
0.993 |
0.929 |
0.053 |
0.286 |
Leisure: Moderate-intensity physical activity |
0.756 |
0.589 |
0.065 |
0.195 |
Leisure: Number of days of engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity |
0.633 |
0.306 |
0.103 |
0.039*
|
Number of days of walking per week |
−0.041 |
0.032 |
−0.065 |
0.197 |
Number days of engaging in muscle training exercise per week |
−0.128 |
0.138 |
−0.046 |
0.357 |
Socio-demographic Characteristics |
Gender |
1.413 |
0.452 |
0.154 |
0.002**
|
Age |
−0.156 |
0.228 |
−0.034 |
0.494 |
Marital status |
0.003 |
0.014 |
0.012 |
0.812 |
Education level |
−0.359 |
0.205 |
−0.807 |
0.080 |
Occupation |
0.324 |
0.126 |
0.128 |
0.010*
|
Income quartile |
−0.677 |
0.211 |
−0.159 |
0.001**
|
Subjective health status |
1.822 |
0.217 |
0.387 |
< 0.001 ***
|