Table 1Differences in characteristics by age groups (n = 17,968)
Characteristic |
20–39 y (n = 5,802) |
40–64 y (n = 8,265) |
Over 65 y (n = 3,901) |
χ2*
|
Sex |
Female |
3,306 (47.6) |
4,657 (49.4) |
2,259 (59.7) |
108.50 |
|
Male |
2,496 (52.4) |
3,608 (50.6) |
1,642 (40.3) |
|
Family structure |
With family members |
5,561 (94.9) |
7,902 (96.5) |
3,200 (84.1) |
527.60 |
|
Single |
238 (5.1) |
349 (3.5) |
693 (15.9) |
|
Residential area |
Rural |
773 (12.0) |
2,002 (22.0) |
1,566 (36.1) |
707.23 |
|
City |
5,029 (88.0) |
6,263 (78.0) |
2,335 (63.9) |
|
SES level |
High |
3,711 (62.9) |
3,457 (43.5) |
265 (6.2) |
5,210.64 |
|
Medium |
1,899 (35.1) |
2,798 (35.9) |
935 (26.2) |
|
|
Low |
106 (2.0) |
1,869 (20.6) |
2,562 (67.6) |
|
Current smoking |
Yes |
1,623 (33.1) |
1,786 (25.7) |
548 (14.8) |
316.87 |
Drinking (time) |
< 1/mo |
2,012 (31.7) |
3,637 (40.6) |
2,521 (66.8) |
1,154.29 |
|
1–4/mo |
2,536 (46.0) |
2,563 (32.0) |
583 (14.8) |
|
|
≥ 2/wk |
1,206 (22.3) |
1,998 (27.4) |
723 (18.4) |
|
Physical activity |
High |
1,541 (28.9) |
2,584 (31.7) |
861 (20.6) |
126.60 |
|
Medium |
1,985 (34.8) |
2,577 (31.0) |
1,340 (35.2) |
|
|
Low |
2,254 (36.3) |
3,053 (37.3) |
1,630 (44.2) |
|
Metabolic syndrome |
Blood pressure |
Low |
4,946 (83.5) |
4,591 (56.2) |
1,103 (27.6) |
2,798.59 |
|
High |
856 (16.5) |
3,673 (43.8) |
2,796 (72.4) |
|
Waist circumference |
Not AO |
4,574 (79.9) |
4,942 (62.1) |
1,997 (49.5) |
981.74 |
|
AO |
1,205 (20.1) |
3,299 (37.9) |
1,889 (50.5) |
|
Fasting glucose |
Low |
5,060 (89.2) |
5,429 (66.9) |
1,954 (53.2) |
1,584.35 |
|
High |
621 (10.8) |
2,654 (33.1) |
1,635 (46.8) |
|
Triglyceride |
Low |
4,583 (79.3) |
5,186 (63.2) |
2,110 (58.1) |
607.96 |
|
High |
1,104 (20.7) |
2,905 (36.8) |
1,467 (41.9) |
|
HDL cholesterol |
High |
4,395 (78.7) |
5,362 (68.2) |
1,907 (52.9) |
576.36 |
|
Low |
1,292 (21.3) |
2,729 (31.8) |
1,670 (47.1) |
|
Osteoarthritis |
Yes |
110 (1.9) |
1,176 (12.2) |
1,344 (35.3) |
2,039.79 |
Fall experience |
Yes |
58 (1.1) |
116 (1.5) |
109 (2.5) |
23.80 |
Depression |
Yes |
678 (11.5) |
1,184 (13.9) |
674 (17.8) |
62.39 |
Stress |
Many |
1,993 (34.0) |
2,199 (26.6) |
855 (22.9) |
152.28 |
Suicidal ideation |
Yes |
785 (13.1) |
1,233 (14.6) |
938 (25.7) |
222.28 |
Perceived health status |
Good |
2,520 (44.3) |
3,196 (38.1) |
1,225 (32.8) |
718.73 |
|
Fair |
2,508 (42.9) |
3,286 (42.1) |
1,140 (29.7) |
|
|
Poor |
750 (12.8) |
1,735 (19.8) |
1,473 (37.5) |
|
Quality of life |
Mobility problem |
151 (2.6) |
1,006 (10.8) |
1,733 (46.4) |
3,211.35 |
|
Self-care problem |
26 (0.4) |
194 (2.2) |
525 (13.7) |
1,118.47 |
|
Usual activity problem |
94 (1.7) |
578 (6.3) |
1,138 (30.4) |
2,135.31 |
|
Pain/discomfort |
758 (12.7) |
1,868 (21.1) |
1,690 (43.7) |
1,038.20 |
|
Anxiety/depression |
450 (7.8) |
894 (10.1) |
618 (15.7) |
124.68 |
Total energy (kcal/day) |
≥ 3,000 |
656 (15.6) |
715 (11.7) |
111 (2.9) |
624.26 |
|
2,000–3,000 |
1,525 (32.0) |
2,233 (31.2) |
698 (18.7) |
|
|
1,000–2,000 |
2,316 (44.2) |
3,834 (50.5) |
2,324 (62.0) |
|
|
< 1,000 |
407 (8.2) |
502 (6.6) |
517 (15.9) |
|
Protein (g/kg/day) |
≥ 1.2 |
2,086 (42.8) |
2,561 (36.6) |
726 (19.0) |
606.37 |
|
0.8–1.2 |
1,524 (30.3) |
2,545 (34.7) |
1,143 (30.5) |
|
|
< 0.8 |
1,294 (26.9) |
2,178 (28.7) |
1,781 (50.5) |
|
Vitamin D (ng/mL) |
≥ 20 |
1,574 (26.5) |
3,314 (40.2) |
1,736 (46.4) |
443.73 |
|
< 20 |
4,113 (73.5) |
4,764 (59.8) |
1,813 (53.6) |
|
Sarcopenia |
|
1,080 (19.2) |
2,484 (29.1) |
1,619 (42.3) |
532.72 |
Table 2Prevalence of sarcopenia based on characteristics by age groups (n = 17,968)
Characteristic |
Category |
20–39 y (n = 5,802) |
40–64 y (n = 8,265) |
Over 65 y (n = 3,901) |
|
|
|
n (%) |
W % |
χ2* (p) |
n (%) |
W % |
χ2* (p) |
n (%) |
W % |
χ2* (p) |
Sex |
Female |
565 (43.9) |
17.7 |
7.42 (0.020) |
1,441 (52.2) |
30.8 |
10.94 (0.006) |
920 (59.1) |
41.8 |
0.45 (0.566) |
|
|
Male |
515 (56.1) |
20.5 |
|
1,043 (47.8) |
27.5 |
|
699 (40.9) |
42.9 |
|
|
Family structure |
With family members |
1,038 (95.1) |
19.2 |
0.15 (0.747) |
2,354 (95.7) |
28.9 |
5.60 (0.039) |
1,340 (84.3) |
42.4 |
0.13 (0.746) |
|
|
Single |
41 (4.9) |
18.3 |
|
127 (4.3) |
35.3 |
|
275 (15.7) |
41.6 |
|
|
Residential area |
Rural |
118 (10.2) |
16.2 |
4.39 (0.128) |
568 (21.5) |
28.5 |
0.46 (0.717) |
529 (29.5) |
34.5 |
54.72 (< 0.001) |
|
|
City |
962 (89.8) |
19.6 |
|
1,916 (78.5) |
29.3 |
|
1,090 (70.5) |
46.7 |
|
|
SES level |
High |
667 (59.1) |
18.0 |
13.96 (0.012) |
945 (39.6) |
26.5 |
31.09 (< 0.001) |
125 (6.6) |
45.0 |
7.15 (0.126) |
|
|
Medium |
372 (37.9) |
20.7 |
|
843 (36.3) |
29.5 |
|
427 (28.2) |
45.5 |
|
|
|
Low |
26 (3.1) |
29.5 |
|
651 (24.0) |
34.0 |
|
1,008 (65.2) |
40.8 |
|
|
Current smoking |
No |
729 (63.5) |
18.2 |
7.07 (0.029) |
1,974 (76.6) |
30.1 |
9.26 (0.015) |
1,420 (89.3) |
44.4 |
36.88 (< 0.001) |
|
|
Yes |
347 (36.5) |
21.1 |
|
495 (23.4) |
26.6 |
|
172 (10.7) |
30.7 |
|
|
Drinking (time) |
< 1/mo |
361 (30.7) |
18.5 |
8.81 (0.031) |
1,154 (43.9) |
31.5 |
16.75 (0.002) |
1,089 (69.7) |
44.1 |
15.85 (0.006) |
|
|
1–4/mo |
457 (43.6) |
18.1 |
|
726 (29.4) |
26.8 |
|
246 (14.7) |
42.1 |
|
|
|
≥ 2/week |
249 (25.6) |
21.9 |
|
580 (26.6) |
28.3 |
|
252 (15.6) |
35.8 |
|
|
Physical activity |
High |
251 (24.8) |
16.5 |
15.87 (0.006) |
641 (26.1) |
24.0 |
53.20 (< 0.001) |
265 (15.4) |
31.6 |
49.73 (< 0.001) |
|
|
Medium |
369 (34.3) |
18.9 |
|
808 (32.3) |
30.4 |
|
582 (36.3) |
43.6 |
|
|
|
Low |
456 (40.9) |
21.6 |
|
1,020 (41.6) |
32.6 |
|
745 (48.4) |
46.4 |
|
|
Metabolic syndrome |
|
Blood pressure |
Low |
813 (73.3) |
16.8 |
105.13 (<0.001) |
1,123 (45.3) |
23.5 |
161.52 (< 0.001) |
340 (20.1) |
30.9 |
79.69 (< 0.001) |
|
|
High |
267 (26.7) |
31.1 |
|
1,361 (54.7) |
36.3 |
|
1,279 (79.9) |
46.7 |
|
|
Waist circumference |
Not AO |
589 (54.1) |
13.0 |
568.38 (< 0.001) |
967 (40.2) |
18.8 |
689.44 (< 0.001) |
520 (29.7) |
25.4 |
446.20 (< 0.001) |
|
|
AO |
486 (45.9) |
43.8 |
|
1,507 (59.8) |
45.9 |
|
1,095 (70.3) |
58.9 |
|
|
Fasting glucose |
Low |
884 (84.0) |
18.1 |
39.02 (< 0.001) |
1,432 (58.5) |
25.3 |
103.69 (< 0.001) |
676 (44.7) |
35.5 |
74.84 (< 0.001) |
|
|
High |
174 (16.0) |
28.6 |
|
980 (41.5) |
36.2 |
|
803 (55.3) |
49.8 |
|
|
Triglyceride |
Low |
716 (65.3) |
15.8 |
162.86 (< 0.001) |
1,319 (53.1) |
24.3 |
142.91 (< 0.001) |
740 (49.9) |
36.0 |
72.49 (< 0.001) |
|
|
High |
343 (34.7) |
32.2 |
|
1,098 (46.9) |
36.8 |
|
731 (50.1) |
50.2 |
|
|
HDL cholesterol |
High |
761 (73.2) |
17.8 |
25.09 (< 0.001) |
1,418 (60.8) |
25.8 |
83.37 (< 0.001) |
695 (48.0) |
38.1 |
24.67 (< 0.001) |
|
|
Low |
298 (26.8) |
24.2 |
|
999 (39.2) |
35.6 |
|
776 (52.0) |
46.3 |
|
|
Osteoarthritis |
No |
1,053 (97.8) |
19.0 |
0.70 (0.476) |
2,047 (84.7) |
28.2 |
29.84 (< 0.001) |
954 (59.5) |
38.9 |
34.44 (< 0.001) |
|
|
Yes |
22 (2.2) |
22.2 |
|
427 (15.3) |
36.5 |
|
647 (40.5) |
48.6 |
|
|
Fall experience |
No |
1,067 (98.8) |
19.2 |
0.03 (0.871) |
2,443 (98.5) |
29.1 |
0.06 (0.833) |
1,553 (96.5) |
41.8 |
12.68 (0.002) |
|
|
Yes |
13 (1.2) |
20.0 |
|
41 (1.5) |
30.1 |
|
66 (3.5) |
59.8 |
|
|
Depression |
No |
949 (87.7) |
19.0 |
0.75 (0.416) |
2,067 (83.9) |
28.4 |
14.51 (0.001) |
1,344 (84.1) |
43.3 |
6.93 (0.029) |
|
|
Yes |
127 (12.3) |
20.4 |
|
404 (16.1) |
34.0 |
|
248 (15.9) |
37.8 |
|
|
Stress |
Less |
664 (60.2) |
17.5 |
20.42 (< 0.001) |
1,775 (71.6) |
28.5 |
5.59 (0.051) |
1,261 (78.9) |
43.4 |
5.27 (0.065) |
|
|
Many |
412 (39.8) |
22.4 |
|
697 (28.4) |
31.2 |
|
331 (21.1) |
39.0 |
|
|
Suicidal ideation |
No |
922 (85.8) |
18.9 |
1.43 (0.313) |
2,029 (81.8) |
27.9 |
35.99 (< 0.001) |
1,234 (76.5) |
43.6 |
7.51 (0.038) |
|
|
Yes |
154 (14.2) |
20.7 |
|
440 (18.2) |
36.5 |
|
357 (23.5) |
38.6 |
|
|
Perceived health status |
Good |
399 (38.2) |
16.5 |
25.82 (< 0.001) |
826 (32.4) |
24.8 |
70.25 (< 0.001) |
476 (31.4) |
40.6 |
6.80 (0.098) |
|
|
Fair |
511 (45.7) |
20.4 |
|
1,009 (43.0) |
29.8 |
|
467 (28.6) |
40.8 |
|
|
|
Poor |
165 (16.2) |
24.1 |
|
636 (24.6) |
36.4 |
|
651 (39.9) |
45.0 |
|
|
Quality of life |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mobility problem |
No |
1,031 (95.5) |
18.8 |
18.74 (0.001) |
2,058 (84.7) |
27.7 |
69.48 (< 0.001) |
804 (49.3) |
38.9 |
21.15 (< 0.001) |
|
|
Yes |
44 (4.5) |
32.8 |
|
413 (15.3) |
41.2 |
|
788 (50.7) |
46.2 |
|
|
Self-care problem |
No |
1,068 (99.3) |
19.1 |
1.55 (0.281) |
2,393 (97.1) |
29.0 |
8.52 (0.012) |
1,348 (84.4) |
41.4 |
8.48 (0.021) |
|
|
Yes |
7 (0.7) |
28.8 |
|
78 (2.9) |
39.0 |
|
244 (15.6) |
48.1 |
|
|
Usual activity problem |
No |
1,051 (97.5) |
19.0 |
6.36 (0.038) |
2,228 (91.2) |
28.4 |
35.61 (< 0.001) |
1,062 (66.5) |
40.4 |
12.56 (0.006) |
|
|
Yes |
24 (2.5) |
29.1 |
|
242 (8.8) |
40.8 |
|
530 (33.5) |
46.6 |
|
|
Pain/discomfort |
No |
909 (84.0) |
18.4 |
13.12 (0.003) |
1,858 (77.3) |
28.6 |
4.80 (0.060) |
857 (54.0) |
40.6 |
6.04 (0.035) |
|
|
Yes |
166 (16.0) |
24.0 |
|
612 (22.7) |
31.3 |
|
735 (46.0) |
44.5 |
|
|
Anxiety/depression |
No |
987 (91.8) |
19.0 |
0.29 (0.646) |
2,145 (87.8) |
28.5 |
16.22 (0.001) |
1,340 (84.5) |
42.4 |
0.11 (0.759) |
|
|
Yes |
88 (8.2) |
20.1 |
|
325 (12.2) |
35.2 |
|
252 (15.5) |
41.7 |
|
|
Total energy (kcal/day) |
≥ 3,000 |
102 (12.4) |
14.9 |
22.38 (0.005) |
184 (9.9) |
24.8 |
24.6 (0.002) |
34 (2.1) |
30.4 |
14.10 (0.025) |
|
|
2,000–3,000 |
263 (29.1) |
17.1 |
|
631 (29.4) |
27.7 |
|
263 (16.8) |
38.3 |
|
|
|
1,000–2,000 |
445 (47.9) |
20.3 |
|
1,204 (52.7) |
30.7 |
|
1,010 (64.2) |
43.7 |
|
|
|
< 1,000 |
93 (10.6) |
24.4 |
|
190 (8.0) |
35.7 |
|
220 (16.9) |
45.1 |
|
|
Protein (g/kg/day) |
≥ 1.2 |
300 (32.5) |
14.3 |
63.70 (< 0.001) |
656 (31.4) |
25.2 |
54.07 (< 0.001) |
229 (13.9) |
31.2 |
60.60 (< 0.001) |
|
|
0.8–1.2 |
286 (31.5) |
19.5 |
|
756 (34.4) |
29.1 |
|
456 (29.1) |
40.6 |
|
|
|
< 0.8 |
317 (36.0) |
25.1 |
|
797 (34.2) |
35.0 |
|
842 (57.0) |
48.0 |
|
|
Vitamin D (ng/mL) |
≥ 20 |
252 (21.5) |
15.6 |
17.42 (< 0.001) |
874 (35.7) |
25.6 |
28.42 (< 0.001) |
568 (38.0) |
34.3 |
71.81 (< 0.001) |
|
|
< 20 |
807 (78.5) |
20.5 |
|
1,536 (64.3) |
31.1 |
|
885 (62.0) |
48.3 |
|
Table 3Factors affecting sarcopenia by age groups (n = 17,968)
Characteristic |
Category (ref.) |
20–39 y (n = 5,802) |
40–64 y (n = 8,265) |
Over 65 y (n = 3,901) |
Sex |
Male (Female) |
1.100 (0.824–1.467) |
1.329* (1.112–1.590) |
3.293** (2.551–4.251) |
Family structure |
Single (With family members) |
1.147 (0.789–1.666) |
1.222 (0.872–1.712) |
1.004 (0.775–1.301) |
Residential area |
City (Rural) |
1.362 (0.962–1.928) |
1.109 (0.880–1.396) |
1.442* (1.094–1.901) |
SES level |
Medium (High) |
1.148 (0.943–1.399) |
1.056 (0.906–1.231) |
1.000 (0.665–1.505) |
|
Low (High) |
1.304 (0.676–2.513) |
1.002 (0.824–1.219) |
0.837 (0.552–1.268) |
Current smoking |
Yes (No) |
1.138 (0.878–1.475) |
0.848 (0.707–1.016) |
0.613* (0.453–0.831) |
Drinking (time) |
1–4/mo (< 1/mo) |
0.983 (0.792–1.218) |
0.875 (0.749–1.021) |
0.749* (0.577–0.973) |
|
≥ 2/wk |
0.937 (0.724–1.212) |
0.946 (0.791–1.132) |
0.811 (0.612–1.075) |
Physical activity |
Medium (High) |
1.275 (0.997–1.630) |
1.251* (1.052–1.488) |
1.364* (1.039–1.792) |
|
Low (High) |
1.338* (1.060–1.689) |
1.327* (1.118–1.576) |
1.440* (1.076–1.926) |
Metabolic syndrome |
Blood pressure |
High (Low) |
1.738** (1.335–2.263) |
1.476** (1.291–1.688) |
1.549** (1.249–1.921) |
Waist circumference |
AO (Not AO) |
4.236** (3.398–5.281) |
3.186** (2.731–3.716) |
4.705** (3.753–5.898) |
Fasting glucose |
High (Low) |
1.092 (0.806–1.480) |
1.174* (1.010–1.364) |
1.234* (1.010–1.508) |
Triglyceride |
High (Low) |
1.683** (1.322–2.144) |
1.329** (1.138–1.550) |
1.375* (1.108–1.704) |
HDL cholesterol |
Low (High) |
0.819 (0.657–1.022) |
1.046 (0.896–1.221) |
0.929 (0.754–1.145) |
Osteoarthritis |
Yes (No) |
0.933 (0.495–1.757) |
1.046 (0.864–1.266) |
1.323* (1.066–1.642) |
Fall experience |
Yes (No) |
1.039 (0.511–2.115) |
0.871 (0.511–1.485) |
2.048* (1.118–3.748) |
Depression |
Yes (No) |
1.013 (0.740–1.387) |
0.959 (0.779–1.180) |
1.262 (0.955–1.669) |
Stress |
Many (Less) |
1.202 (0.983–1.469) |
0.977 (0.832–1.148) |
0.952 (0.732–1.238) |
Suicidal ideation |
Yes (No) |
1.015 (0.744–1.385) |
1.362* (1.125–1.650) |
0.785 (0.591–1.043) |
Perceived health status |
Fair (Good) |
1.043 (0.853–1.275) |
1.154 (0.988–1.349) |
0.954 (0.754–1.207) |
|
Poor (Good) |
1.073 (0.819–1.405) |
1.258* (1.036–1.527) |
1.175 (0.911–1.515) |
Quality of life |
Mobility problem |
Yes (No) |
1.373 (0.779–2.418) |
1.288* (1.020–1.627) |
1.053 (0.815–1.361) |
Self-care problem |
Yes (No) |
1.284 (0.373–4.428) |
0.774 (0.497–1.206) |
1.282 (0.904–1.819) |
Usual activity problem |
Yes (No) |
0.891 (0.395–2.006) |
1.345 (0.996–1.817) |
1.330* (1.005–1.759) |
Pain/discomfort |
Yes (No) |
1.183 (0.901–1.555) |
0.782* (0.646–0.948) |
0.875 (0.685–1.118) |
Anxiety/depression |
Yes (No) |
1.016 (0.710–1.453) |
0.944 (0.749–1.190) |
1.028 (0.776–1.363) |
Total energy (kcal/day) |
2,000–3,000 (≥ 3,000) |
1.303 (0.909–1.869) |
1.297* (1.002–1.679) |
1.050 (0.561–1.966) |
|
1,000–2,000 (≥ 3,000) |
1.761* (1.101–2.819) |
1.462* (1.095–1.953) |
1.255 (0.666–2.366) |
|
< 1,000 (≥ 3,000) |
2.153* (1.141–4.065) |
1.629* (1.079–2.460) |
1.310 (0.630–2.722) |
Protein (g/day) |
0.8–1.2 (≥ 1.2) |
1.047 (0.796–1.377) |
0.891 (0.738–1.077) |
1.371 (0.995–1.888) |
|
< 0.8 (≥ 1.2) |
1.059 (0.744–1.505) |
0.920 (0.735–1.153) |
1.445* (1.026–2.033) |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) |
< 20 (≥ 20) |
1.290* (1.034–1.609) |
1.381** (1.182–1.615) |
1.677** (1.375–2.044) |