Department of Healthcare Management, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Korea
Copyright ©2018, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that they have no conflicts of interest.
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | p* | Yes, n (%) | p* | |
Gender | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Male | 24,576 (24.3) | 4,246 (4.2) | ||
Female | 32,008 (26.0) | 9,424 (7.7) | ||
|
||||
Age (y) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
19–29 | 7,520 (30.2) | 1,485 (6.0) | ||
30–39 | 10,432 (33.7) | 1,807 (5.8) | ||
40–49 | 11,508 (28.5) | 2,044 (5.1) | ||
50–59 | 10,533 (23.4) | 2,756 (6.1) | ||
60–69 | 7,410 (19.4) | 2,349 (6.2) | ||
≥70 | 9,181 (20.4) | 3,229 (7.2) | ||
|
||||
Region | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Urban | 33,903 (26.9) | 7,987 (6.3) | ||
Rural | 22,681 (23.1) | 5,683 (5.8) | ||
Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
With spouse | 37,137 (24.4) | 7,715 (5.1) | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 8,899 (23.8) | 3,759 (10.1) | ||
Single | 10,548 (30.0) | 2,196 (6.2) | ||
|
||||
Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Elementary school level or lower | 12,578 (23.0) | 4,334 (7.9) | ||
Middle school | 5,204 (20.9) | 1,673 (6.7) | ||
High school | 16,096 (25.3) | 3,714 (5.8) | ||
College level or higher | 22,706 (28.0) | 3,949 (4.9) | ||
|
||||
Household income (W/mo) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
< 2,000,000 | 20,045 (24.2) | 6,931 (8.4) | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 19,638 (25.5) | 3,888 (5.0) | ||
≥ 4,000,000 | 16,901 (26.2) | 2,851 (4.4) | ||
|
||||
Economic activity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 38,112 (26.7) | 6,775 (4.7) | ||
No | 18,472 (22.6) | 6,895 (8.5) | ||
|
||||
Family member with dementia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 895 (35.5) | 315 (12.5) | ||
No | 55,689 (25.1) | 13,355 (6.0) | ||
|
||||
Total | 56,584 (25.2) | 13,670 (6.1) |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | p* | Yes, n (%) | p* | |
Self-reported health status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Good | 15,628 (19.0) | 2,539 (3.1) | ||
Moderate | 24,253 (25.5) | 5,236 (5.5) | ||
Poor | 16,703 (35.5) | 5,895 (12.5) | ||
|
||||
Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Currently smoking | 13,476 (32.5) | 2,597 (6.3) | ||
Former smoker | 8,709 (20.9) | 1,929 (4.6) | ||
Non-smoker | 34,399 (24.3) | 9,144 (6.5) | ||
|
||||
Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 39,989 (26.2) | 8,410 (5.5) | ||
No | 16,595 (23.1) | 5,260 (7.3) | ||
|
||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | < 0.001 | 0.022 | ||
|
||||
0 | 42,648 (24.8) | 10,590 (6.2) | ||
1–2 | 5,736 (27.1) | 1,202 (5.7) | ||
≥ 3 | 8,200 (26.4) | 1,878 (6.0) | ||
|
||||
Sleep h (h/d) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
< 6 | 14,492 (35.6) | 4,103 (10.1) | ||
6–7 | 32,063 (23.7) | 6,803 (5.0) | ||
≥ 8 | 10,029 (20.6) | 2,764 (5.7) | ||
|
||||
Hypertension | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 13,642 (23.3) | 4,148 (7.1) | ||
No | 42,942 (25.9) | 9,522 (5.7) | ||
|
||||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.310 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 5,964 (25.5) | 2,007 (8.6) | ||
No | 50,620 (25.2) | 11,663 (5.8) | ||
|
||||
Dyslipidemia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 9,351 (26.7) | 2,938 (8.4) | ||
No | 47,233 (24.9) | 10,732 (5.7) | ||
|
||||
Stroke | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 1,426 (28.7) | 648 (13.0) | ||
No | 55,158 (25.1) | 13,022 (5.9) | ||
|
||||
Coronary heart disease | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 2,023 (27.6) | 787 (10.7) | ||
No | 54,561 (25.1) | 12,883 (5.9) | ||
|
||||
Arthritis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 8,326 (27.5) | 3,116 (10.3) | ||
No | 48,258 (24.9) | 10,554 (5.4) | ||
|
||||
Osteoporosis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
|
||||
Yes | 5,278 (26.9) | 2,042 (10.4) | ||
No | 51,306 (25.0) | 11,628 (5.7) | ||
|
||||
Total | 56,584 (25.2) | 13,670 (6.1) |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p* | OR (95% CI) | p* | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 0.753 (0.724–0.783) | < 0.001 | 0.464 (0.431–0.499) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Age (y) | 19–29 | 1 | 1 | ||
30–39 | 0.932 (0.884–0.982) | 0.008 | 0.979 (0.887–1.080) | 0.667 | |
40–49 | 0.646 (0.610–0.684) | < 0.001 | 0.771 (0.692–0.860) | < 0.001 | |
50–59 | 0.433 (0.406–0.461) | < 0.001 | 0.731 (0.651–0.822) | < 0.001 | |
60–69 | 0.288 (0.267–0.310) | < 0.001 | 0.479 (0.419–0.548) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 70 | 0.245 (0.225–0.267) | < 0.001 | 0.358 (0.309–0.414) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Marital status | With spouse | 1 | 1 | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 0.944 (0.903–0.987) | 0.011 | 1.473 (1.379–1.573) | < 0.001 | |
Single | 0.898 (0.858–0.941) | < 0.001 | 1.196 (1.096–1.304) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Education | ≤ Elementary school | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle school | 0.899 (0.845–0.957) | 0.001 | 1.120 (1.021–1.229) | 0.016 | |
High school | 0.987 (0.932–1.044) | 0.645 | 1.055 (0.966–1.152) | 0.234 | |
College level or higher | 1.054 (0.992–1.120) | 0.087 | 0.995 (0.901–1.098) | 0.914 | |
|
|||||
Household Income (W/mo) | < 2,000,000 | 1 | 1 | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 0.825 (0.794–0.857) | < 0.001 | 0.673 (0.632–0.716) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 4,000,000 | 0.830 (0.797–0.864) | < 0.001 | 0.621 (0.579–0.665) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Economic activity | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.452 (1.406–1.499) | < 0.001 | 0.782 (0.741–0.826) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Family member with dementia | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.704 (1.509–1.925) | < 0.001 | 1.882 (1.581–2.239) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Self-reported health status | Good | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate | 1.715 (1.664–1.767) | < 0.001 | 1.803 (1.695–1.918) | < 0.001 | |
Poor | 4.314 (4.123–4.514) | <0.001 | 4.427 (4.110–4.768) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
Currently smoking | 1.727 (1.654–1.802) | < 0.001 | 1.758 (1.625–1.902) | < 0.001 | |
Former smoker | 1.195 (1.141–1.252) | < 0.001 | 1.387 (1.272–1.512) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Alcohol consumption | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.075 (1.039–1.113) | < 0.001 | 1.072 (1.012–1.136) | 0.018 | |
|
|||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
1–2 | 1.060 (1.016–1.106) | 0.007 | 1.206 (1.112–1.307) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 3 | 1.027 (0.989–1.067) | 0.169 | 1.328 (1.240–1.423) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Sleep h (h/d) | < 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
6–7 | 0.570 (0.551–0.590) | < 0.001 | 0.641 (0.606–0.678) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 8 | 0.480 (0.460–0.501) | < 0.001 | 0.674 (0.628–0.724) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Hypertension | 0.985 (0.947–1.025) | 0.460 | 0.872 (0.816–0.931) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.013 (0.962–1.066) | 0.627 | 1.078 (0.997–1.166) | 0.061 | |
|
|||||
Dyslipidemia | 1.125 (1.080–1.171) | < 0.001 | 1.202 (1.126–1.283) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Stroke | 1.104 (0.993–1.227) | 0.068 | 1.476 (1.284–1.697) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Coronary heart disease | 1.107 (1.017–1.206) | 0.019 | 1.248 (1.106–1.409) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Arthritis | 1.148 (1.090–1.208) | < 0.001 | 1.241 (1.152–1.337) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Osteoporosis | 1.068 (1.003–1.137) | 0.039 | 1.099 (1.007–1.200) | 0.035 | |
|
|||||
Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | ||||
Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.077 | Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.407 |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p* | OR (95% CI) | p* | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 0.684 (0.649–0.721) | < 0.001 | 0.519 (0.471–0.572) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Age (y) | 19–29 | 1 | 1 | ||
30–39 | 0.925 (0.850–1.006) | 0.070 | 1.089 (0.923–1.284) | 0.313 | |
40–49 | 0.643 (0.589–0.702) | < 0.001 | 0.776 (0.653–0.921) | 0.004 | |
50–59 | 0.433 (0.394–0.475) | < 0.001 | 0.689 (0.577–0.824) | < 0.001 | |
60–69 | 0.277 (0.250–0.307) | < 0.001 | 0.444 (0.366–0.538) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 70 | 0.234 (0.210–0.260) | < 0.001 | 0.311 (0.254–0.379) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Marital status | With spouse | 1 | 1 | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 0.897 (0.859–0.938) | < 0.001 | 1.338 (1.249–1.434) | < 0.001 | |
Single | 0.840 (0.785–0.899) | < 0.001 | 1.144 (1.007–1.299) | 0.039 | |
|
|||||
Education | ≤ Elementary school | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle school | 0.900 (0.851–0.953) | < 0.001 | 1.037 (0.943–1.141) | 0.455 | |
High school | 0.940 (0.889–0.994) | 0.029 | 1.045 (0.947–1.152) | 0.383 | |
College level or higher | 0.958 (0.898–1.023) | 0.199 | 0.916 (0.811–1.034) | 0.157 | |
|
|||||
Household Income (W/mo) | < 2,000,000 | 1 | 1 | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 0.956 (0.917–0.997) | 0.035 | 0.693 (0.643–0.748) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 4,000,000 | 0.989 (0.940–1.040) | 0.659 | 0.685 (0.622–0.755) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Economic activity | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.137 (1.095–1.180) | < 0.001 | 0.628 (0.590–0.669) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Family member with dementia | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.906 (1.685–2.156) | < 0.001 | 2.138 (1.787–2.558) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Self-reported health status | Good | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate | 1.530 (1.470–1.593) | < 0.001 | 1.731 (1.590–1.883) | < 0.001 | |
Poor | 3.563 (3.392–3.743) | < 0.001 | 3.700 (3.375–4.057) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
Currently smoking | 1.802 (1.704–1.905) | < 0.001 | 1.739 (1.569–1.926) | < 0.001 | |
Former smoker | 1.183 (1.116–1.253) | < 0.001 | 1.395 (1.257–1.550) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Alcohol consumption | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.047 (1.011–1.086) | 0.011 | 0.998 (0.938–1.062) | 0.948 | |
|
|||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
1–2 | 1.057 (0.996–1.122) | 0.065 | 1.374 (1.235–1.529) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 3 | 1.177 (1.124–1.231) | < 0.001 | 1.330 (1.223–1.446) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Sleep (h/d) | < 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
6–7 | 0.518 (0.498–0.538) | < 0.001 | 0.564 (0.529–0.602) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 8 | 0.452 (0.432–0.474) | < 0.001 | 0.576 (0.533–0.623) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Hypertension | 0.965 (0.928–1.003) | 0.073 | 0.887 (0.831–0.948) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.997 (0.950–1.047) | 0.913 | 1.075 (0.993–1.163) | 0.073 | |
|
|||||
Dyslipidemia | 1.122 (1.074–1.172) | < 0.001 | 1.201 (1.117–1.290) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Stroke | 1.313 (1.204–1.432) | < 0.001 | 1.694 (1.502–1.910) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Coronary heart disease | 1.138 (1.055–1.227) | 0.001 | 1.363 (1.220–1.524) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Arthritis | 1.188 (1.137–1.242) | < 0.001 | 1.237 (1.153–1.328) | < 0.001 | |
|
|||||
Osteoporosis | 1.153 (1.095–1.214) | < 0.001 | 1.126 (1.039–1.219) | 0.004 | |
|
|||||
Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | ||||
Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.253 | Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.486 |
Province | Subjective stress perception, n (%) | Depressive symptom experience, n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Seoul | 6,358 (28.3) | 16,103 (71.7) | 1,581 (7.0) | 20,880 (93.0) |
| ||||
Busan | 3,585 (24.9) | 10,841 (75.1) | 922 (6.4) | 13,504 (93.6) |
| ||||
Daegu | 1,726 (24.1) | 5,437 (75.9) | 394 (5.5) | 6,769 (94.5) |
| ||||
Incheon | 2,436 (27.7) | 6,355 (72.3) | 696 (7.9) | 8,095 (92.1) |
| ||||
Gwangju | 1,249 (27.5) | 3,299 (72.5) | 225 (4.9) | 4,323 (95.1) |
| ||||
Daejeon | 1,360 (30.5) | 3,094 (69.5) | 335 (7.5) | 4,119 (92.5) |
| ||||
Ulsan | 1,060 (23.5) | 3,453 (76.5) | 178 (3.9) | 4,335 (96.1) |
| ||||
Gyeonggi | 11,332 (28.3) | 28,715 (71.7) | 2,661 (6.6) | 37,386 (93.4) |
| ||||
Gangwon | 3,651 (23.4) | 11,977 (76.6) | 818 (5.2) | 14,810 (94.8) |
| ||||
Chungbuk | 3,157 (25.7) | 9,118 (74.3) | 769 (6.3) | 11,506 (93.7) |
| ||||
Chungnam | 3,410 (25.4) | 9,993 (74.6) | 1,040 (7.8) | 12,363 (92.2) |
| ||||
Jeonbuk | 2,687 (22.0) | 9,526 (78.0) | 798 (6.5) | 11,415 (93.5) |
| ||||
Jeonnam | 4,344 (22.4) | 15,023 (77.6) | 904 (4.7) | 18,463 (95.3) |
| ||||
Gyeongbuk | 4,599 (21.3) | 17,024 (78.7) | 1,163 (5.4) | 20,460 (94.6) |
| ||||
Gyeongnam | 4,149 (23.2) | 13,753 (76.8) | 898 (5.0) | 17,004 (95.0) |
| ||||
Jeju | 1,255 (26.8) | 3,434 (73.2) | 237 (5.1) | 4,452 (94.9) |
| ||||
Sejong | 226 (24.6) | 692 (75.4) | 51 (5.6) | 867 (94.4) |
| ||||
p | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Total | 56,584 (25.2) | 167,837 (74.8) | 13,670 (6.1) | 210,751 (93.9) |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | p |
Yes, n (%) | p | |
Gender | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Male | 24,576 (24.3) | 4,246 (4.2) | ||
Female | 32,008 (26.0) | 9,424 (7.7) | ||
| ||||
Age (y) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
19–29 | 7,520 (30.2) | 1,485 (6.0) | ||
30–39 | 10,432 (33.7) | 1,807 (5.8) | ||
40–49 | 11,508 (28.5) | 2,044 (5.1) | ||
50–59 | 10,533 (23.4) | 2,756 (6.1) | ||
60–69 | 7,410 (19.4) | 2,349 (6.2) | ||
≥70 | 9,181 (20.4) | 3,229 (7.2) | ||
| ||||
Region | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Urban | 33,903 (26.9) | 7,987 (6.3) | ||
Rural | 22,681 (23.1) | 5,683 (5.8) | ||
Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
With spouse | 37,137 (24.4) | 7,715 (5.1) | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 8,899 (23.8) | 3,759 (10.1) | ||
Single | 10,548 (30.0) | 2,196 (6.2) | ||
| ||||
Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Elementary school level or lower | 12,578 (23.0) | 4,334 (7.9) | ||
Middle school | 5,204 (20.9) | 1,673 (6.7) | ||
High school | 16,096 (25.3) | 3,714 (5.8) | ||
College level or higher | 22,706 (28.0) | 3,949 (4.9) | ||
| ||||
Household income (W/mo) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
< 2,000,000 | 20,045 (24.2) | 6,931 (8.4) | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 19,638 (25.5) | 3,888 (5.0) | ||
≥ 4,000,000 | 16,901 (26.2) | 2,851 (4.4) | ||
| ||||
Economic activity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 38,112 (26.7) | 6,775 (4.7) | ||
No | 18,472 (22.6) | 6,895 (8.5) | ||
| ||||
Family member with dementia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 895 (35.5) | 315 (12.5) | ||
No | 55,689 (25.1) | 13,355 (6.0) | ||
| ||||
Total | 56,584 (25.2) | 13,670 (6.1) |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | p |
Yes, n (%) | p | |
Self-reported health status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Good | 15,628 (19.0) | 2,539 (3.1) | ||
Moderate | 24,253 (25.5) | 5,236 (5.5) | ||
Poor | 16,703 (35.5) | 5,895 (12.5) | ||
| ||||
Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Currently smoking | 13,476 (32.5) | 2,597 (6.3) | ||
Former smoker | 8,709 (20.9) | 1,929 (4.6) | ||
Non-smoker | 34,399 (24.3) | 9,144 (6.5) | ||
| ||||
Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 39,989 (26.2) | 8,410 (5.5) | ||
No | 16,595 (23.1) | 5,260 (7.3) | ||
| ||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | < 0.001 | 0.022 | ||
| ||||
0 | 42,648 (24.8) | 10,590 (6.2) | ||
1–2 | 5,736 (27.1) | 1,202 (5.7) | ||
≥ 3 | 8,200 (26.4) | 1,878 (6.0) | ||
| ||||
Sleep h (h/d) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
< 6 | 14,492 (35.6) | 4,103 (10.1) | ||
6–7 | 32,063 (23.7) | 6,803 (5.0) | ||
≥ 8 | 10,029 (20.6) | 2,764 (5.7) | ||
| ||||
Hypertension | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 13,642 (23.3) | 4,148 (7.1) | ||
No | 42,942 (25.9) | 9,522 (5.7) | ||
| ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.310 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 5,964 (25.5) | 2,007 (8.6) | ||
No | 50,620 (25.2) | 11,663 (5.8) | ||
| ||||
Dyslipidemia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 9,351 (26.7) | 2,938 (8.4) | ||
No | 47,233 (24.9) | 10,732 (5.7) | ||
| ||||
Stroke | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 1,426 (28.7) | 648 (13.0) | ||
No | 55,158 (25.1) | 13,022 (5.9) | ||
| ||||
Coronary heart disease | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 2,023 (27.6) | 787 (10.7) | ||
No | 54,561 (25.1) | 12,883 (5.9) | ||
| ||||
Arthritis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 8,326 (27.5) | 3,116 (10.3) | ||
No | 48,258 (24.9) | 10,554 (5.4) | ||
| ||||
Osteoporosis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| ||||
Yes | 5,278 (26.9) | 2,042 (10.4) | ||
No | 51,306 (25.0) | 11,628 (5.7) | ||
| ||||
Total | 56,584 (25.2) | 13,670 (6.1) |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p |
OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 0.753 (0.724–0.783) | < 0.001 | 0.464 (0.431–0.499) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Age (y) | 19–29 | 1 | 1 | ||
30–39 | 0.932 (0.884–0.982) | 0.008 | 0.979 (0.887–1.080) | 0.667 | |
40–49 | 0.646 (0.610–0.684) | < 0.001 | 0.771 (0.692–0.860) | < 0.001 | |
50–59 | 0.433 (0.406–0.461) | < 0.001 | 0.731 (0.651–0.822) | < 0.001 | |
60–69 | 0.288 (0.267–0.310) | < 0.001 | 0.479 (0.419–0.548) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 70 | 0.245 (0.225–0.267) | < 0.001 | 0.358 (0.309–0.414) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Marital status | With spouse | 1 | 1 | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 0.944 (0.903–0.987) | 0.011 | 1.473 (1.379–1.573) | < 0.001 | |
Single | 0.898 (0.858–0.941) | < 0.001 | 1.196 (1.096–1.304) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Education | ≤ Elementary school | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle school | 0.899 (0.845–0.957) | 0.001 | 1.120 (1.021–1.229) | 0.016 | |
High school | 0.987 (0.932–1.044) | 0.645 | 1.055 (0.966–1.152) | 0.234 | |
College level or higher | 1.054 (0.992–1.120) | 0.087 | 0.995 (0.901–1.098) | 0.914 | |
| |||||
Household Income (W/mo) | < 2,000,000 | 1 | 1 | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 0.825 (0.794–0.857) | < 0.001 | 0.673 (0.632–0.716) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 4,000,000 | 0.830 (0.797–0.864) | < 0.001 | 0.621 (0.579–0.665) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Economic activity | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.452 (1.406–1.499) | < 0.001 | 0.782 (0.741–0.826) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Family member with dementia | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.704 (1.509–1.925) | < 0.001 | 1.882 (1.581–2.239) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Self-reported health status | Good | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate | 1.715 (1.664–1.767) | < 0.001 | 1.803 (1.695–1.918) | < 0.001 | |
Poor | 4.314 (4.123–4.514) | <0.001 | 4.427 (4.110–4.768) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
Currently smoking | 1.727 (1.654–1.802) | < 0.001 | 1.758 (1.625–1.902) | < 0.001 | |
Former smoker | 1.195 (1.141–1.252) | < 0.001 | 1.387 (1.272–1.512) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Alcohol consumption | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.075 (1.039–1.113) | < 0.001 | 1.072 (1.012–1.136) | 0.018 | |
| |||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
1–2 | 1.060 (1.016–1.106) | 0.007 | 1.206 (1.112–1.307) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 3 | 1.027 (0.989–1.067) | 0.169 | 1.328 (1.240–1.423) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Sleep h (h/d) | < 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
6–7 | 0.570 (0.551–0.590) | < 0.001 | 0.641 (0.606–0.678) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 8 | 0.480 (0.460–0.501) | < 0.001 | 0.674 (0.628–0.724) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Hypertension | 0.985 (0.947–1.025) | 0.460 | 0.872 (0.816–0.931) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.013 (0.962–1.066) | 0.627 | 1.078 (0.997–1.166) | 0.061 | |
| |||||
Dyslipidemia | 1.125 (1.080–1.171) | < 0.001 | 1.202 (1.126–1.283) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Stroke | 1.104 (0.993–1.227) | 0.068 | 1.476 (1.284–1.697) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Coronary heart disease | 1.107 (1.017–1.206) | 0.019 | 1.248 (1.106–1.409) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Arthritis | 1.148 (1.090–1.208) | < 0.001 | 1.241 (1.152–1.337) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Osteoporosis | 1.068 (1.003–1.137) | 0.039 | 1.099 (1.007–1.200) | 0.035 | |
| |||||
Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | ||||
Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.077 | Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.407 |
Variable | Subjective stress perception | Depressive symptom experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p |
OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 0.684 (0.649–0.721) | < 0.001 | 0.519 (0.471–0.572) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Age (y) | 19–29 | 1 | 1 | ||
30–39 | 0.925 (0.850–1.006) | 0.070 | 1.089 (0.923–1.284) | 0.313 | |
40–49 | 0.643 (0.589–0.702) | < 0.001 | 0.776 (0.653–0.921) | 0.004 | |
50–59 | 0.433 (0.394–0.475) | < 0.001 | 0.689 (0.577–0.824) | < 0.001 | |
60–69 | 0.277 (0.250–0.307) | < 0.001 | 0.444 (0.366–0.538) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 70 | 0.234 (0.210–0.260) | < 0.001 | 0.311 (0.254–0.379) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Marital status | With spouse | 1 | 1 | ||
Bereaved/divorced | 0.897 (0.859–0.938) | < 0.001 | 1.338 (1.249–1.434) | < 0.001 | |
Single | 0.840 (0.785–0.899) | < 0.001 | 1.144 (1.007–1.299) | 0.039 | |
| |||||
Education | ≤ Elementary school | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle school | 0.900 (0.851–0.953) | < 0.001 | 1.037 (0.943–1.141) | 0.455 | |
High school | 0.940 (0.889–0.994) | 0.029 | 1.045 (0.947–1.152) | 0.383 | |
College level or higher | 0.958 (0.898–1.023) | 0.199 | 0.916 (0.811–1.034) | 0.157 | |
| |||||
Household Income (W/mo) | < 2,000,000 | 1 | 1 | ||
2,000,000 ~ 4,000,000 | 0.956 (0.917–0.997) | 0.035 | 0.693 (0.643–0.748) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 4,000,000 | 0.989 (0.940–1.040) | 0.659 | 0.685 (0.622–0.755) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Economic activity | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.137 (1.095–1.180) | < 0.001 | 0.628 (0.590–0.669) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Family member with dementia | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.906 (1.685–2.156) | < 0.001 | 2.138 (1.787–2.558) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Self-reported health status | Good | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate | 1.530 (1.470–1.593) | < 0.001 | 1.731 (1.590–1.883) | < 0.001 | |
Poor | 3.563 (3.392–3.743) | < 0.001 | 3.700 (3.375–4.057) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
Currently smoking | 1.802 (1.704–1.905) | < 0.001 | 1.739 (1.569–1.926) | < 0.001 | |
Former smoker | 1.183 (1.116–1.253) | < 0.001 | 1.395 (1.257–1.550) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Alcohol consumption | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.047 (1.011–1.086) | 0.011 | 0.998 (0.938–1.062) | 0.948 | |
| |||||
Physical activity (d/wk) | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
1–2 | 1.057 (0.996–1.122) | 0.065 | 1.374 (1.235–1.529) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 3 | 1.177 (1.124–1.231) | < 0.001 | 1.330 (1.223–1.446) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Sleep (h/d) | < 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
6–7 | 0.518 (0.498–0.538) | < 0.001 | 0.564 (0.529–0.602) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 8 | 0.452 (0.432–0.474) | < 0.001 | 0.576 (0.533–0.623) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Hypertension | 0.965 (0.928–1.003) | 0.073 | 0.887 (0.831–0.948) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.997 (0.950–1.047) | 0.913 | 1.075 (0.993–1.163) | 0.073 | |
| |||||
Dyslipidemia | 1.122 (1.074–1.172) | < 0.001 | 1.201 (1.117–1.290) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Stroke | 1.313 (1.204–1.432) | < 0.001 | 1.694 (1.502–1.910) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Coronary heart disease | 1.138 (1.055–1.227) | 0.001 | 1.363 (1.220–1.524) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Arthritis | 1.188 (1.137–1.242) | < 0.001 | 1.237 (1.153–1.328) | < 0.001 | |
| |||||
Osteoporosis | 1.153 (1.095–1.214) | < 0.001 | 1.126 (1.039–1.219) | 0.004 | |
| |||||
Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | Likelihood ratio test: p < 0.05 | ||||
Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.253 | Hosmer & Lemeshow test: p = 0.486 |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.