1Feeding and Human Behavior Research Group, Metropolitan University, Barranquilla, Colombia
2Caribbean Infectious Diseases and Microbial Resistance Research Group, Metropolitan University, Barranquilla, Colombia
3Preventive and Community Medicine of Sinú University, Cartagena, Colombia
© 2021 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ethics Approval
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Metropolitan University (Reference 2014-11 of June 10, 2014) and was based on the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, which establishes the scientific, technical and administrative standards for research in health. The study was classified as minimal risk.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data
All data generated or analyzed in this study were included in this published article. Further data may be requested from the corresponding author.
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors; Data curation: MF, LG, MSM; Formal analysis: MCS, JEB; Investigation: all authors; Methodology: all authors; Project administration: LASR; Resources: all authors; Software: LASR; Supervision: LASR, JEB; Validation: all authors; Visualization: all author; Writing–original draft: LASR, JEB; Writing–review & editing: all authors.
Parasitism type |
Municipalities of the BMA |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District of Barranquilla (n=359) | Galapa (n=70) | Malambo (n=157) | Puerto Colombia (n=351) | Soledad (n=49) | Total BMA (n=986) | |
Parasitism | 47.6a) | 50.0a) | 64.3b) | 64.1b) | 73.5c) | 57.6 |
Helminths | 7.5a) | 5.7b) | 15.9a) | 16.5a) | 8.2a) | 12.0 |
Protozoa | 44.6a) | 47.1a) | 60.5b) | 58.1b) | 73.5c) | 53.5 |
Poly-infection | 34.5a) | 40.0a) | 49.5a) | 41.8a) | 50.0a) | 41.4 |
Parasite species | ||||||
Entamoeba hystolitica | 5.6 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 |
Entamoeba coli | 7.5 | 21.4 | 19.1 | 15.7 | 16.3 | 13.7 |
Iodamoeba sp. | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Blastocystis sp. | 26.7 | 27.1 | 29.3 | 20.2 | 51.0 | 26.1 |
Giardia sp. | 13.7 | 11.4 | 18.5 | 15.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 |
Endolimax nana | 7.8 | 8.6 | 14.7 | 19.1 | 24.5 | 13.8 |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 2.5 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 8.3 | 0 | 4.5 |
Trichiuris trichiura | 3.6 | 1.4 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 8.2 | 7.6 |
Enterobius sp. | 0.8 | 0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.8 |
Hymenolepis nana | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 1.2 |
Uncinaria sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 |
Strongyloides sp. | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
BMA, Baranquilla metropolitan area.
a–c)Frequencies (%) in the same row that do not share the superscript letter are statistically significantly different (chi-square test, p<0.05). The frequency of poly-infections was calculated in relation to the number of children with a positive result for more than 1 species of intestinal parasites.
Parasitism type |
Barranquilla district |
Galapa |
Malambo |
Puerto Colombia |
Soledad |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCS (n=221) | School (n=138) | HCS (n=34) | School (n=36) | HCS (n=81) | School (n=76) | School 1 (n=226) | School 2 (n=97) | School 3 (n=28) | School (n=49) | |
Parasitism | 42.1a) | 56.5b) | 44.1a) | 55.6a) | 51.8b) | 77.6c) | 61.5b) | 70.1c) | 64.3b) | 73.5c) |
Helminths | 4.1a) | 13.0b) | 5.9a) | 5.6a) | 17.3b) | 14.5b) | 15.5b) | 23.7c) | 0a) | 8.2b) |
Protozoa | 39.4a) | 52.9b) | 38.2a) | 55.6b) | 44.4a) | 77.6c) | 54.4b) | 64.9b) | 64.3b) | 73.5c) |
Poly-infection | 26.9a) | 43.6b) | 20.0a) | 55.0b) | 33.3a) | 61.0b) | 38.1a) | 52.9b) | 27.8a) | 50.0b) |
Parasite species | ||||||||||
Entamoeba hystolitica | 2.3 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 5.8 | 10.3 | 0 | 6.1 |
Entamoeba coli | 7.2 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 30.6 | 12.3 | 26.3 | 17.3 | 13.4 | 10.7 | 16.3 |
Iodamoeba sp. | 0.5 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 |
Blastocystis sp. | 24.4 | 30.4 | 5.9 | 47.2 | 22.2 | 36.8 | 17.3 | 27.8 | 17.9 | 51.0 |
Giardia sp. | 11.3 | 17.4 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 28.9 | 10.6 | 22.7 | 32.1 | 18.4 |
Endolimax nana | 7.7 | 8.0 | 14.7 | 2.8 | 9.9 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 21.4 | 24.5 |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 1.4 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 0 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 7.5 | 12.4 | 0 | 0 |
Trichiuris trichiura | 1.4 | 7.2 | 0 | 2.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 16.5 | 0 | 8.2 |
Enterobius sp. | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenolepis nana | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
Uncinaria sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Strongyloides sp. | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Parasitism type | Municipalities of the BMA |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District of Barranquilla (n=359) | Galapa (n=70) | Malambo (n=157) | Puerto Colombia (n=351) | Soledad (n=49) | Total BMA (n=986) | |
Parasitism | 47.6 |
50.0 |
64.3 |
64.1 |
73.5 |
57.6 |
Helminths | 7.5 |
5.7 |
15.9 |
16.5 |
8.2 |
12.0 |
Protozoa | 44.6 |
47.1 |
60.5 |
58.1 |
73.5 |
53.5 |
Poly-infection | 34.5 |
40.0 |
49.5 |
41.8 |
50.0 |
41.4 |
Parasite species | ||||||
Entamoeba hystolitica | 5.6 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 |
Entamoeba coli | 7.5 | 21.4 | 19.1 | 15.7 | 16.3 | 13.7 |
Iodamoeba sp. | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Blastocystis sp. | 26.7 | 27.1 | 29.3 | 20.2 | 51.0 | 26.1 |
Giardia sp. | 13.7 | 11.4 | 18.5 | 15.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 |
Endolimax nana | 7.8 | 8.6 | 14.7 | 19.1 | 24.5 | 13.8 |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 2.5 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 8.3 | 0 | 4.5 |
Trichiuris trichiura | 3.6 | 1.4 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 8.2 | 7.6 |
Enterobius sp. | 0.8 | 0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.8 |
Hymenolepis nana | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 1.2 |
Uncinaria sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 |
Strongyloides sp. | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
Parasitism type | Barranquilla district |
Galapa |
Malambo |
Puerto Colombia |
Soledad |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCS (n=221) | School (n=138) | HCS (n=34) | School (n=36) | HCS (n=81) | School (n=76) | School 1 (n=226) | School 2 (n=97) | School 3 (n=28) | School (n=49) | |
Parasitism | 42.1 |
56.5 |
44.1 |
55.6 |
51.8 |
77.6 |
61.5 |
70.1 |
64.3 |
73.5 |
Helminths | 4.1 |
13.0 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
17.3 |
14.5 |
15.5 |
23.7 |
0 |
8.2 |
Protozoa | 39.4 |
52.9 |
38.2 |
55.6 |
44.4 |
77.6 |
54.4 |
64.9 |
64.3 |
73.5 |
Poly-infection | 26.9 |
43.6 |
20.0 |
55.0 |
33.3 |
61.0 |
38.1 |
52.9 |
27.8 |
50.0 |
Parasite species | ||||||||||
Entamoeba hystolitica | 2.3 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 5.8 | 10.3 | 0 | 6.1 |
Entamoeba coli | 7.2 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 30.6 | 12.3 | 26.3 | 17.3 | 13.4 | 10.7 | 16.3 |
Iodamoeba sp. | 0.5 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 |
Blastocystis sp. | 24.4 | 30.4 | 5.9 | 47.2 | 22.2 | 36.8 | 17.3 | 27.8 | 17.9 | 51.0 |
Giardia sp. | 11.3 | 17.4 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 28.9 | 10.6 | 22.7 | 32.1 | 18.4 |
Endolimax nana | 7.7 | 8.0 | 14.7 | 2.8 | 9.9 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 21.4 | 24.5 |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 1.4 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 0 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 7.5 | 12.4 | 0 | 0 |
Trichiuris trichiura | 1.4 | 7.2 | 0 | 2.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 16.5 | 0 | 8.2 |
Enterobius sp. | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenolepis nana | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
Uncinaria sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Strongyloides sp. | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BMA, Baranquilla metropolitan area. Frequencies (%) in the same row that do not share the superscript letter are statistically significantly different (chi-square test,
BMA, Baranquilla metropolitan area; HCS, health centers providing services. Frequencies (%) in the same row that do not share the superscript letter are statistically significantly different.