Table 1The contamination of AFM1 (μg/kg) in pasteurized and UHT milk samples.
Sample type |
N
|
Positive (%) |
Mean |
SD |
AFM1 concentration (μg/kg) |
Undetectable < 0.005 (%) |
0.005–0.050 (%) |
> 0.050 (%) |
Range |
Pasteurized milk |
63 |
55 (87.30) |
0.040 |
0.033 |
8 (12.70) |
34 (53.97) |
21 (33.33) |
< 0.005–0.120 |
UHT milk |
25 |
21 (84) |
0.037 |
0.029 |
4 (16) |
14 (56) |
7 (28) |
< 0.005–0.098 |
Total |
88 |
76 (86.36) |
0.039 |
0.032 |
12 (13.64) |
48 (54.54) |
28 (31.82) |
< 0.005–0.120 |
Table 2Occurrence and levels of AFM1 in pasteurized and UHT milk samples reported in previous studies.
Location |
Samples |
No. of samples |
Detection method |
Positive samples (%) |
Range (μg/kg ) |
Contaminated milk sample (%) > 0.05 μg/kg |
Reference |
Kenya |
PM |
53 |
ELISA |
NR |
0.0076 – 0.21 |
26 (49.1%) |
Lindahl et al [50] |
|
UHT |
55 |
|
NR |
< LOD - 0.47 |
16 (29.1%) |
|
|
China |
PM |
131 |
ELISA |
120 (91.6) |
< 0.005 – 0.3523 |
78 (59.5%) |
Xiong et al [29] |
|
UHT |
111 |
|
58 (52.3) |
< 0.005 – 0.0725 |
2 (1.80%) |
|
|
China |
PM |
38 |
ELISA |
18 (47.4) |
0.005 – 0.263 |
0 |
Li et al [36] |
|
UHT |
193 |
|
138 (71.5) |
0.007 – 0.040 |
23 (11.9%) |
|
|
Pakistan |
UHT |
60 |
HPLC |
42 (70) |
LOD - 0.3029 |
21 (35%) |
Iqbal et al [1] |
|
Iran |
PM |
220 |
ELISA |
187 (85) |
0.0054 – 0.5122 |
154 (70%) |
Tajic et al [28] |
|
UHT |
140 |
|
93 (66.4) |
0.0058 – 0.5084 |
76 (54.2%) |
|
|
Brazil |
PM |
30 |
ELISA |
16 |
ND - 0.064 |
NR |
dos Santos et al [51] |
|
Italy |
UHT |
31 |
HPLC |
18 (58.1) |
0.009 – 0.026 |
0 |
Armorini et al [38] |
|
Iran |
PM |
20 |
HPLC |
NR |
0.008 – 0.231 |
1 (5%) |
Taherabadi et al [52] |
|
Jordan |
PM |
30 |
ELISA |
30 (100) |
0.0146 – 0.21678 |
12 (40%) |
Omar [31] |
|
Iran |
PM |
30 |
ELISA |
4 (13.3) |
NR |
4 (13.3%) |
Rouhi et al [32] |
|
Brazil |
PM |
7 |
ELISA |
7 (100.0) |
0.01 – 0.03 |
2 (28.6%) |
Sifuentes dos Santos et al [27] |
|
UHT |
28 |
|
28 (100.0) |
0.01 – 0.08 |
5 (71.4%) |
|
|
Kosovo |
UHT |
94 |
ELISA |
74 (78.7) |
0.00502 – 0.06226 |
4 (4.2%) |
Rama et al [34] |
|
Croatia |
UHT |
706 |
ELISA |
706 (100) |
0.00398 – 0.1835 |
(9.64%) |
Bilandzic et al [30] |
|
Iran |
PM |
80 |
ELISA |
77 (96.25) |
NR |
20 (16%) |
Moosavy et al [33] |
|
Pakistan |
UHT |
84 |
HPLC |
35 (41.6) |
LOD – 0.88 |
20 (23.8%) |
Iqbal et al [39] |
|
India |
PM |
7 |
HPLC |
3 (42.9) |
0.0018–0.0038 |
3 (42.9%) |
Siddappa et al [37] |