aInflammatory Lung Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
bDepartment of Internal Medicine, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
cRazi Clinical Research Development Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Copyright ©2019, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Variable | State | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 55 | 30.6 |
Male | 125 | 69.4 | |
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Age group (y) | < 50 | 27 | 15.0 |
51–60 | 39 | 21.7 | |
61–70 | 64 | 35.6 | |
> 70 | 50 | 27.8 | |
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BMI | < 19 (underweight) | 7 | 3.9 |
19–25 (healthy) | 84 | 46.7 | |
25–30 (overweight) | 40 | 22.2 | |
> 30 (obese) | 49 | 27.2 | |
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WC* (cm) | Normal | 35 | 19.4 |
Overweight, obese | 145 | 80.6 | |
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Cigarette smoking (pack/y) | Yes | 123 | 68.3 |
No | 57 | 31.7 |
BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CAT = COPD assessment test; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP = C-reactive protein test; FBS = fasting blood sugar; FEV = forced expiratory volume; FVC = forced vital capacity; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; TG = triglyceride; WC = waist circumference.
*Spearman test.
Wrist circumference | ||||||||
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Overweight WC | Normal weight WC | p | ||||||
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Mean | % | N | Mean | % | N | |||
I-mild | 4.8 | 7 | 11.4 | 4 | 0.045 * | |||
IIA-medium | Gold scores | 94.3 | 75.2 | 109 | 74.77 | 85.7 | 30 | |
III-severe | 16.6 | 24 | 2.9 | 1 | ||||
IV-very severe | 3.4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||
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FEV1/FVC % | 86.50 | 88.10 ± 78.56 | 9.107 | 74.8 ± 3.60 | 0.036 | |||
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FEV1 | 88.13 | 71.0 ± 72.1 | 3.100 | 62.0 ± 83.1 | 0.215 | |||
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FVC | 87.19 | 18.1 ± 88.2 | 91.100 | 74.1 ± 27.3 | 0.118 | |||
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FEV1 % | 78.63 | 82.14 ± 34.62 | 2.90 | 9.10 ± 62.66 | 0.204 | |||
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CAT | 94.31 | 3.8 ± 99.18 | 70.74 | 65.5 ± 74.15 | 0.045 |
CAT = COPD assessment test; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV = forced expiratory volume; FVC = forced vital capacity; WC = waist circumference.
*“Fisher’s exact test” was used to compare the mean of overweight WC and normal weight WC in the severity of patients with COPD based on GOLD score. “Mann Whitney U test” was applied to compare non-parametric variables.
Variable | State | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 55 | 30.6 |
Male | 125 | 69.4 | |
| |||
Age group (y) | < 50 | 27 | 15.0 |
51–60 | 39 | 21.7 | |
61–70 | 64 | 35.6 | |
> 70 | 50 | 27.8 | |
| |||
BMI | < 19 (underweight) | 7 | 3.9 |
19–25 (healthy) | 84 | 46.7 | |
25–30 (overweight) | 40 | 22.2 | |
> 30 (obese) | 49 | 27.2 | |
| |||
WC |
Normal | 35 | 19.4 |
Overweight, obese | 145 | 80.6 | |
| |||
Cigarette smoking (pack/y) | Yes | 123 | 68.3 |
No | 57 | 31.7 |
Variable | WC | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spearman correlation | p | Correlation | |
Age (y) | 0.027 | 0.721 | No |
BMI | 0.723 | < 0.001 | Positive |
Cigarette smoker | 0.199 | 0.027 | Positive |
FEV1 | 0.108 | 0.150 | No |
FVC | 0.106 | 0.156 | No |
FEV1/FVC | −0.115 | 0.124 | No |
CAT score | 0.161 | 0.031 | Positive |
Gold score | 0.194 | 0.009 | Positive |
CRP | 0.073 | 0.329 | No |
Systolic BP | 0.080 | 0.285 | No |
Diastolic BP | 0.009 | 0.908 | No |
FBS | < 0.001 | 0.995 | No |
TG | −0.026 | 0.731 | No |
HDL | 0.014 | 0.853 | No |
Duration of disease (mo) | 0.143 | 0.056 | No |
Wrist circumference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Overweight WC | Normal weight WC | p | ||||||
|
|
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Mean | % | N | Mean | % | N | |||
I-mild | 4.8 | 7 | 11.4 | 4 | 0.045 | |||
IIA-medium | Gold scores | 94.3 | 75.2 | 109 | 74.77 | 85.7 | 30 | |
III-severe | 16.6 | 24 | 2.9 | 1 | ||||
IV-very severe | 3.4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| ||||||||
FEV1/FVC % | 86.50 | 88.10 ± 78.56 | 9.107 | 74.8 ± 3.60 | 0.036 | |||
| ||||||||
FEV1 | 88.13 | 71.0 ± 72.1 | 3.100 | 62.0 ± 83.1 | 0.215 | |||
| ||||||||
FVC | 87.19 | 18.1 ± 88.2 | 91.100 | 74.1 ± 27.3 | 0.118 | |||
| ||||||||
FEV1 % | 78.63 | 82.14 ± 34.62 | 2.90 | 9.10 ± 62.66 | 0.204 | |||
| ||||||||
CAT | 94.31 | 3.8 ± 99.18 | 70.74 | 65.5 ± 74.15 | 0.045 |
Ordinal logistic regression | CI (95%) OR | OR | *p | SE | Estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | Lower | |||||
WC (cm) | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.057 |
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Age (y) | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.027 | 0.020 | 0.064 |
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CRP | 3.47 | 1.79 | 2.49 | < 0.001 | 0.168 | 0.091 |
| ||||||
Systolic BP | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.056 | 0.021 | 0.039 |
| ||||||
TG | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.085 | 0.004 | −0.007 |
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Duration of disease (mo) | 1.12 | 1.044 | 1.08 | 0.038 | 0.017 | 0.076 |
| ||||||
Men | 22.62 | 3.08 | 8.36 | < 0.001 | 0.508 | 2.123 |
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Women | - | 1.00 | - | - | - |
BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WC = waist circumference. Normal WC in men: 78–94 cm, Normal WC in women: 64–80 cm, overweight WC in men: 94–102 cm, overweight WC in women: 80–88 cm, obese WC in men: ≥102 cm, obese WC in women: ≥88 cm.
BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CAT = COPD assessment test; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP = C-reactive protein test; FBS = fasting blood sugar; FEV = forced expiratory volume; FVC = forced vital capacity; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; TG = triglyceride; WC = waist circumference. Spearman test.
CAT = COPD assessment test; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV = forced expiratory volume; FVC = forced vital capacity; WC = waist circumference. “Fisher’s exact test” was used to compare the mean of overweight WC and normal weight WC in the severity of patients with COPD based on GOLD score. “Mann Whitney U test” was applied to compare non-parametric variables.
BP = blood pressure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP = C-reactive protein test; FVC = forced vital capacity; TG = triglyceride; WC = waist circumference.