Table 1Characteristics of Australians by gender among age groups, Australian data 2011 (%)
Characteristic |
Men (n = 4,580, 49.4%) |
Women (n = 4,696, 50.6%) |
Total (n = 9,276) |
p-value (by sex) |
p-value (by age group) |
|
|
20–44 y (n = 2,249, 49.1%) |
45–64 y (n = 1,555, 34.0%) |
≥ 65 y (n = 776, 16.9%) |
20–44 y (n = 2,223, 47.3%) |
45–64 y (n = 1,600, 34.1%) |
≥ 65 y (n = 872, 18.6%) |
Marital status (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Living with spouse |
49.9 |
73.0 |
76.7 |
53.8 |
69.3 |
54.2 |
60.7 |
0.002 |
< 0.001 |
|
Not living with spouse |
50.1 |
27.0 |
23.3 |
46.2 |
30.7 |
45.8 |
39.3 |
|
|
|
Occupation (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Employed |
88.7 |
80.6 |
17.0 |
72.8 |
70.4 |
9.8 |
67.0 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Unemployed & others |
11.3 |
19.4 |
83.0 |
27.2 |
29.6 |
90.2 |
33.0 |
|
|
|
Income (n = 8,091) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
15.2 |
20.5 |
57.3 |
22.0 |
24.2 |
67.7 |
27.7 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Middle low |
20.6 |
16.6 |
22.8 |
21.4 |
20.8 |
16.1 |
19.9 |
|
|
|
Middle high |
38.8 |
33.8 |
12.9 |
33.6 |
32.8 |
10.9 |
30.9 |
|
|
|
High |
25.4 |
29.1 |
7.1 |
23.0 |
22.2 |
5.4 |
21.5 |
|
|
|
Education attainment (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Below 9 y |
3.3 |
14.9 |
39.7 |
2.8 |
13.3 |
43.0 |
13.6 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
10–12 y |
57.1 |
53.0 |
39.3 |
49.5 |
50.3 |
36.4 |
50.0 |
|
|
|
College or higher |
39.6 |
32.1 |
21.0 |
47.7 |
36.4 |
20.6 |
36.4 |
|
|
|
Self-assessed health (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
1.8 |
4.6 |
9.3 |
2.4 |
5.1 |
7.5 |
4.1 |
0.261 |
< 0.001 |
|
Moderate |
9.2 |
13.4 |
17.8 |
7.7 |
10.7 |
20.2 |
11.6 |
|
|
|
Good |
89.0 |
82.0 |
72.9 |
89.9 |
84.2 |
72.3 |
84.3 |
|
|
|
Perceived body image (n = 9,115) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Acceptable weight |
57.4 |
45.0 |
54.6 |
50.6 |
39.7 |
50.9 |
50.6 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Underweight |
6.8 |
3.8 |
5.4 |
3.1 |
2.5 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
|
|
|
Overweight |
35.8 |
51.2 |
37.8 |
40.8 |
57.5 |
43.5 |
44.9 |
|
|
|
Daily activity level (n = 9,161) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
47.7 |
56.3 |
63.5 |
56.0 |
59.8 |
72.5 |
57.1 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Moderate |
25.2 |
29.6 |
31.2 |
30.5 |
28.3 |
24.1 |
28.2 |
|
|
|
High |
26.1 |
14.1 |
5.3 |
13.5 |
11.9 |
3.4 |
14.7 |
|
|
|
Exercise (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
16.9 |
23.1 |
28.3 |
15.1 |
22.0 |
32.6 |
20.8 |
0.408 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
83.1 |
76.9 |
71.7 |
84.9 |
78.0 |
67.4 |
79.2 |
|
|
|
Smoking (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
50.7 |
38.6 |
33.5 |
58.1 |
51.4 |
63.5 |
50.3 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Ex-smoker |
26.0 |
40.4 |
56.4 |
22.0 |
33.4 |
31.3 |
31.8 |
|
|
|
Yes |
23.3 |
21.0 |
10.0 |
19.9 |
15.2 |
5.2 |
17.9 |
|
|
|
Alcohol drinking (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
82.2 |
73.4 |
69.9 |
87.8 |
81.6 |
79.7 |
80.7 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
17.8 |
26.6 |
30.1 |
12.2 |
18.4 |
20.3 |
19.3 |
|
|
|
Chronic disease (n = 9,276) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
86.9 |
58.0 |
29.4 |
88.3 |
64.3 |
35.7 |
68.9 |
0.002 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
13.1 |
42.0 |
70.6 |
11.7 |
35.7 |
64.3 |
31.1 |
|
|
|
Body mass index (n = 7,924) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Underweight |
1.8 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
3.3 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Normal |
78.4 |
65.3 |
69.7 |
74.7 |
65.9 |
68.9 |
71.6 |
|
|
|
Obese |
19.8 |
34.1 |
30.2 |
22.0 |
3.0 |
29.2 |
26.7 |
|
|
Table 2Characteristics of Koreans by gender among age groups, Korean data 2011
Characteristic |
Men (n = 2,920, 49.4%) |
Women (n = 2,995, 50.6%) |
Total (n = 5,915) |
p-value (by sex) |
p-value (by age groups) |
|
|
20–44 y (n = 1,523, 52.1%) |
45–64 y (n = 1,048, 35.9%) |
≥ 65 y (n = 350, 12.0%) |
20–44 y (n = 1,445, 48.2%) |
45–64 y (n = 1,053, 35.2%) |
≥ 65 y (n = 497, 16.6%) |
Marital status (n = 5,914) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Living with spouse |
52.5 |
90.2 |
91.9 |
66.0 |
87.1 |
46.1 |
70.4 |
0.610 |
< 0.001 |
|
Not living with spouse |
47.5 |
9.8 |
8.1 |
34.0 |
12.9 |
53.9 |
29.6 |
|
|
|
Labor force status (n = 5,912) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Employed |
81.2 |
85.6 |
45.0 |
52.3 |
58.6 |
32.4 |
64.6 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Unemployed & others |
18.8 |
14.4 |
55.0 |
47.7 |
41.4 |
67.6 |
35.4 |
|
|
|
Income (n = 5,869) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
5.3 |
12.0 |
50.5 |
8.0 |
13.2 |
57.1 |
15.6 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Middle low |
31.0 |
25.7 |
27.3 |
30.5 |
28.8 |
22.2 |
28.6 |
|
|
|
Middle high |
35.1 |
29.6 |
12.7 |
35.1 |
26.5 |
12.7 |
29.4 |
|
|
|
High |
28.6 |
32.7 |
9.5 |
26.4 |
31.5 |
8.0 |
26.4 |
|
|
|
Educational attainment (n = 5,913) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Below 9 y |
2.2 |
32.2 |
63.5 |
2.8 |
51.1 |
93.9 |
27.7 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
10–12 y |
29.9 |
36.5 |
22.7 |
35.6 |
32.8 |
5.1 |
30.4 |
|
|
|
College or higher |
67.9 |
31.3 |
13.8 |
61.6 |
16.1 |
1.0 |
41.9 |
|
|
|
Daily activity level (n = 5,911) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
55.5 |
45.2 |
49.8 |
53.6 |
45.9 |
57.1 |
51.3 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Moderate |
32.0 |
36.9 |
42.0 |
4.7 |
46.8 |
36.0 |
39.5 |
|
|
|
High |
12.5 |
17.9 |
8.2 |
1.7 |
7.3 |
6.9 |
9.2 |
|
|
|
Exercise (n = 5,915) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
46.8 |
39.7 |
50.2 |
46.1 |
42.2 |
65.9 |
46.4 |
0.01 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
53.2 |
60.3 |
49.8 |
53.9 |
57.8 |
34.1 |
53.6 |
|
|
|
Smoking (n = 5,913) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
24.3 |
13.5 |
13.5 |
81.0 |
93.1 |
90.2 |
53.4 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Ex-smoker |
23.4 |
42.5 |
60.8 |
10.1 |
3.0 |
5.7 |
20.6 |
|
|
|
Yes |
52.3 |
44.0 |
25.7 |
8.9 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
26.0 |
|
|
|
Alcohol drinking (n = 5,892) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
18.1 |
24.8 |
42.4 |
47.2 |
66.0 |
83.2 |
41.8 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
81.9 |
75.2 |
57.6 |
52.8 |
34.0 |
16.8 |
58.2 |
|
|
|
Self-assessed health (n = 5,915) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
9.1 |
16.4 |
23.8 |
12.5 |
19.6 |
40.5 |
16.6 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Moderate |
49.0 |
46.1 |
43.6 |
51.8 |
47.8 |
38.3 |
47.7 |
|
|
|
Good |
41.9 |
37.5 |
32.6 |
35.7 |
32.6 |
21.2 |
35.7 |
|
|
|
Perceived body image (n = 5,913) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Acceptable weight |
31.6 |
43.0 |
46.4 |
38.6 |
37.2 |
45.7 |
38.4 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Underweight |
22.5 |
19.3 |
28.5 |
13.2 |
10.9 |
27.2 |
18.3 |
|
|
|
Overweight |
45.9 |
37.7 |
25.1 |
48.2 |
51.9 |
27.1 |
43.3 |
|
|
|
Chronic diseases (n = 5,914) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
91.6 |
63.8 |
37.1 |
96.3 |
65.6 |
27.4 |
74.6 |
0.34 |
< 0.001 |
|
Yes |
8.4 |
36.2 |
62.9 |
3.7 |
34.4 |
72.6 |
25.4 |
|
|
|
Body mass index (n = 5,978) |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Underweight |
2.9 |
2.2 |
5.7 |
11.4 |
1.8 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
|
Normal |
57.8 |
62.1 |
66.4 |
67.0 |
61.6 |
60.6 |
62.2 |
|
|
|
Obese |
39.3 |
35.7 |
27.9 |
21.6 |
36.6 |
34.9 |
32.8 |
|
|
Table 3Self-rated good health by gender among age groups, Korean data 2011 and Australian data 2011 (%)
Variable |
Australian men |
Australian women |
Korean men |
Korean women |
|
|
|
|
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
≥ 65 y |
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
≥ 65 y |
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
≥ 65 y |
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
≥ 65 y |
Marital status |
p = 0.002 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.504 |
p = 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.058 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.004 |
p = 0.528 |
p = 0.562 |
p = 0.534 |
p = 0.153 |
|
Living with spouse |
86.9 |
74.5 |
70.7 |
87.5 |
79.0 |
69.2 |
47.9 |
24.3 |
39.3 |
36.8 |
32.6 |
23.9 |
|
Not living with spouse |
91.0 |
84.8 |
73.5 |
92.0 |
85.5 |
75.0 |
36.4 |
39.0 |
32.0 |
35.2 |
32.6 |
18.3 |
|
Labor force status |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.093 |
p = 0.006 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.567 |
p = 0.272 |
p = 0.423 |
p = 0.350 |
|
Employed |
73.6 |
59.3 |
69.7 |
84.4 |
68.6 |
71.4 |
40.1 |
40.6 |
34.4 |
37.1 |
33.5 |
23.6 |
|
Unemployed & others |
90.9 |
87.8 |
87.9 |
91.9 |
90.8 |
80.0 |
49.1 |
19.9 |
31.1 |
34.2 |
31.0 |
19.9 |
|
Income |
p = 0.002 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.008 |
p = 0.000 |
p = 0.563 |
p = 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.003 |
|
Low |
83.0 |
61.2 |
68.6 |
81.6 |
66.0 |
67.3 |
35.4 |
20.0 |
29.7 |
21.7 |
22.3 |
18.1 |
|
Middle low |
88.6 |
82.8 |
74.4 |
90.8 |
81.9 |
79.8 |
36.5 |
36.7 |
32.6 |
32.4 |
27.2 |
17.4 |
|
Middle high |
90.0 |
86.6 |
78.9 |
92.6 |
91.0 |
77.8 |
43.4 |
33.9 |
40.9 |
40.4 |
36.1 |
30.6 |
|
High |
91.6 |
90.4 |
93.9 |
94.6 |
95.7 |
92.5 |
46.9 |
49.1 |
33.3 |
37.9 |
39.2 |
40.0 |
|
Education attainment |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.003 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.132 |
p = 0.254 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.221 |
|
Below 9 y |
74.3 |
65.5 |
64.9 |
63.9 |
69.0 |
64.9 |
23.5 |
28.4 |
31.1 |
23.8 |
24.8 |
20.3 |
|
10–12 y |
87.1 |
81.9 |
77.0 |
89.1 |
84.5 |
79.6 |
37.3 |
35.3 |
29.1 |
35.6 |
38.8 |
32.0 |
|
College or higher |
92.9 |
90.0 |
80.4 |
92.3 |
89.5 |
74.9 |
44.5 |
49.7 |
44.9 |
36.3 |
44.4 |
40.0 |
|
Daily activity level |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.157 |
p = 0.003 |
p = 0.388 |
p = 0.983 |
p = 0.360 |
p = 0.621 |
|
Low |
84.8 |
75.8 |
66.1 |
87.4 |
80.8 |
67.0 |
39.9 |
39.6 |
28.7 |
35.7 |
30.4 |
19.8 |
|
Moderate |
90.6 |
87.6 |
83.0 |
90.8 |
85.6 |
84.8 |
43.3 |
31.3 |
35.6 |
35.8 |
34.7 |
21.9 |
|
High |
95.7 |
96.3 |
90.0 |
97.3 |
96.8 |
96.6 |
46.8 |
45.2 |
35.7 |
37.5 |
31.6 |
26.5 |
|
Exercise |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.001 |
0 = 0.542 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.037 |
p = 0.984 |
|
No |
81.8 |
69.4 |
59.5 |
80.6 |
77.8 |
55.6 |
36.7 |
31.4 |
34.1 |
29.8 |
29.1 |
21.1 |
|
Yes |
90.4 |
85.8 |
78.1 |
91.6 |
86.1 |
80.3 |
46.4 |
41.6 |
31.0 |
40.7 |
35.1 |
21.1 |
|
Smoking |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.811 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.002 |
p = 0.076 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.095 |
p = 0.094 |
|
Yes |
93.5 |
89.2 |
80.8 |
93.3 |
86.6 |
71.8 |
33.2 |
31.9 |
25.6 |
15.5 |
17.1 |
40.8 |
|
Ex-smoker |
78.1 |
66.9 |
56.4 |
77.1 |
75.7 |
76.1 |
44.9 |
40.4 |
32.9 |
35.6 |
35.5 |
24.1 |
|
No |
89.9 |
83.0 |
71.0 |
92.6 |
84.5 |
72.8 |
57.3 |
46.5 |
44.7 |
38.0 |
33.1 |
20.1 |
|
Alcohol drinking |
p = 0.012 |
p = 0.011 |
p = 0.013 |
p = 0.927 |
p = 0.002 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.944 |
p = 0.996 |
p = 0.229 |
p = 0.620 |
p = 0.249 |
p = 0.013 |
|
No |
87.7 |
77.8 |
72.1 |
89.3 |
82.8 |
67.9 |
42.0 |
37.3 |
29.1 |
36.5 |
31.3 |
19.1 |
|
Yes |
91.1 |
87.3 |
73.9 |
92.0 |
88.8 |
83.1 |
41.0 |
37.3 |
35.1 |
35.2 |
34.8 |
31.3 |
|
Self-perceived body mass |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.014 |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.120 |
p = 0.085 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.271 |
p = 0.260 |
|
Acceptable weight |
92.1 |
86.1 |
76.2 |
95.2 |
90.5 |
76.9 |
48.4 |
41.0 |
38,.0 |
43.0 |
35.5 |
19.4 |
|
Underweight |
85.6 |
61.0 |
38.1 |
78.6 |
72.5 |
62.5 |
42.1 |
35.5 |
25.0 |
30.9 |
31.6 |
19.3 |
|
Overweight |
84.6 |
80.0 |
76.2 |
83.6 |
80.8 |
69.4 |
37.2 |
34.5 |
31.0 |
31.3 |
30.6 |
26.1 |
|
Chronic diseases |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.182 |
p = 0.007 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.152 |
|
No |
90.8 |
86.8 |
81.2 |
92.0 |
90.1 |
84.9 |
43.6 |
43.1 |
36.9 |
36.4 |
38.1 |
25.5 |
|
Yes |
76.5 |
75.5 |
69.3 |
74.5 |
73.6 |
65.2 |
22.8 |
27.7 |
30.0 |
18.5 |
22.1 |
19.7 |
|
Body mass index |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.192 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.015 |
p = 0.251 |
p = 0.096 |
p = 0.081 |
p = 0.097 |
p = 0.014 |
p = 0.168 |
|
Underweight |
91.9 |
37.5 |
0.0 |
83.3 |
85.7 |
92.3 |
36.4 |
21.7 |
10.0 |
31.9 |
5.3 |
34.8 |
|
Normal |
92.0 |
85.0 |
75.7 |
93.0 |
88.4 |
76.2 |
43.5 |
39.7 |
34.5 |
37.4 |
34.7 |
19.3 |
|
Obese |
81.4 |
80.7 |
77.0 |
78.6 |
78.3 |
67.2 |
39.6 |
35.1 |
32.7 |
31.5 |
30.5 |
23.1 |
Table 4Odds ratios for self-rated good health with 95% confidence interval among Australians, Australian data 2011
Variable |
Australian men |
Australian women |
|
|
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
Over 65 y |
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
Over 65 y |
Marital status (reference: not living with spouse) |
Living with spouse |
1.60 (1.11–2.29)*
|
1.37 (0.93–2.01) |
0.82 (0.50–1.35) |
1.37 (0.93–2.01) |
1.41 (0.96–2.07) |
1.11 (0.75–1.64) |
|
Labor force status (reference: unemployed & others) |
Employed |
2.33 (1.37–3.97)*
|
3.34 (2.18–5.14)*
|
2.36 (1.17–4.75)*
|
1.38 (0.90–2.13) |
1.97 (1.30–2.99)*
|
1.01 (0.49–2.11) |
|
Income (reference: low) |
Middle low |
1.12 (0.64–0.98) |
1.56 (0.94–2.60) |
0.99 (0.59–1.67) |
1.34 (0.79–2.28) |
1.79 (1.11–2.88)*
|
1.82 (1.02– 3.25)*
|
|
|
Middle high |
0.87 (0.51–1.47) |
1.74 (1.08–2.82)*
|
0.59 (0.30–1.17) |
1.84 (1.08–3.15)*
|
2.78 (1.66–4.66)*
|
1.65 (0.78– 3.48) |
|
|
High |
0.94 (0.51–1.72) |
2.26 (1.28–3.99)*
|
1.49 (0.41–5.35) |
1.59 (0.85–2.97) |
4.11 (1.96–8.61)*
|
5.18 (1.42–18.86)*
|
|
Education (reference: below 9 years) |
10–12 y |
2.36 (1.15–4.87)*
|
1.28 (0.83–1.99) |
1.70 (1.07–2.69) |
3.10 (1.45–6.63)*
|
1.76 (1.10–2.81)*
|
1.51 (0.97–2.34) |
|
|
College or higher |
2.51 (1.16–5.44)*
|
1.99 (1.16–2.42)*
|
1.76 (0.92–3.35) |
1.93 (0.86–4.33) |
1.83 (1.05–3.19)*
|
0.95 (0.54–1.66) |
|
Daily activity level (reference: low) |
Moderate |
1.36 (0.89–2.14) |
1.43 (0.92– 2.25) |
1.87 (1.13– 3.12)*
|
0.97 (0.62–1.51) |
1.39 (0.88–2.18) |
1.47 (0.86–2.51) |
|
|
High |
1.95 (1.14–3.33)*
|
5.20 (2.03–13.36) |
3.94 (0.92–16.80) |
3.21 (1.25–8.25)*
|
2.46 (0.98–6.16) |
7.60 (1.04–55.8)*
|
|
Exercise (reference: no) |
Yes |
1.58 (1.01–2.46)*
|
1.47 (0.97– 2.23) |
1.19 (0.72– 1.96) |
1.94 (1.20–3.14)*
|
1.32 (0.85–2.05) |
1.57 (1.01–2.45)*
|
|
Smoking (reference: yes) |
Ex-smoker |
2.12 (1.40–3.21)*
|
1.52 (1.01–2.29)*
|
2.16 (1.15– 4.05)*
|
3.23 (1.99–5.26)*
|
1.36 (0.84–2.20) |
1.01 (0.44–2.31) |
|
|
No |
3.28 (2.25–4.76)*
|
2.56 (1.63–4.01)*
|
4.96 (2.43–10.13)*
|
3.36 (2.27–4.96)*
|
1.55 (0.99–2.42) |
1.07 (0.49–2.36) |
|
Alcohol drinking (reference: drinking) |
No |
0.60 (0.37–0.96)*
|
0.76 (0.51–1.15) |
0.70 (0.44–1.11) |
1.26 (0.72–2.20) |
0.73 (0.44–1.22) |
0.58 (0.34–0.98)*
|
|
Perceived body image (reference: obese) |
Acceptable weight |
1.16 (0.76–1.74) |
1.48 (0.96–2.29) |
1.08 (0.68–1.72) |
2.31 (1.41–3.78)*
|
1.47 (0.93–2.31) |
1.36 (0.84–2.18) |
|
|
Underweight |
0.71 (0.36–1.39) |
0.75 (0.33–1.74) |
0.27 (0.09–0.75) |
0.31 (0.13–0.74) |
0.57 (0.19–1.75) |
0.67 (0.27–1.69) |
|
Chronic diseases (reference: yes) |
No |
3.22 (2.14–4.84)*
|
2.08 (1.45–2.98)*
|
2.16 (1.30–3.60)*
|
4.55 (3.00–6.90)*
|
2.27 (1.57–3.28)*
|
2.65 (1.68–4.18)*
|
|
Body mass index (reference: obese) |
Normal |
2.44 (1.60–3.74)*
|
1.15 (0.75–1.75) |
0.94 (0.57–1.57) |
2.24 (1.43–3.53)*
|
1.30 (0.84–1.99) |
1.01 (0.62–1.66) |
Table 5Odds ratios for self-rated good health with 95% confidence interval among Koreans, Korean data 2011
Variable |
Korean men |
Korean women |
|
|
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
Over 65 y |
20–44 y |
45–64 y |
Over 65 y |
Marital status (reference: not living spouse) |
Living with spouse |
0.75 (0.59–0.96)*
|
1.62 (0.97–2.73) |
0.84 (0.34–2.04) |
0.90 (0.68–1.20) |
0.79 (0.52–1.19) |
0.64 (0.40–1.05) |
|
Labor force status (reference. unemployed & others) |
Employed |
0.81 (0.59–1.10) |
1.70 (1.07–2.68)*
|
1.13 (0.68–1.89) |
1.07 (0.85–1.36) |
1.03 (0.76–1.38) |
1.29 (0.76–2.20) |
|
Income (reference: low) |
Middle low |
1.01 (0.60–1.72) |
1.64 (0.96–2.82) |
0.95 (0.53–1.70) |
1.66 (0.99–2.76) |
1.25 (0.76–2.06) |
0.98 (0.53–1.80) |
|
|
Middle high |
1.35 (0.80–2.27) |
1.31 (0.78–2.27) |
1.30 (0.62–2.71) |
2.14 (1.30–3.55)*
|
1.51 (0.91–2.51) |
1.98 (1.04–3.80)*
|
|
|
High |
1.56 (0.92–2.65) |
2.50 (1.44–4.35)*
|
0.95 (0.40–2.26) |
1.89 (1.13–3.18)*
|
1.54 (0.92–2.58) |
3.52 (1.67–7.44)*
|
|
Education (reference: below 9 years) |
10–12 y |
1.88 (0.80–4.45) |
1.15 (0.,82–1.63) |
1.03 (0.55–1.92) |
1.17 (0.54–2.55) |
1.82 (1.32–2.52)*
|
1.71 (0.66– 4.46) |
|
|
College or higher |
1.92 (0.82–4.53) |
1.81 (1.24–2.64)*
|
2.23 (1.07–4.63)*
|
0.98 (0.45–2.16) |
2.10 (1.39–3.17)*
|
1.83 (0.27–12.38) |
|
Daily activity level (reference: low) |
Moderate |
1.21 (0.94–1.56) |
0.60 (0.44–0.82)*
|
1.28 (0.77–2.12) |
0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
1.31 (0.97–1.76) |
1.12 (0.67–1.86) |
|
|
High |
1.65 (1.16–2.35)*
|
1.40 (0.95–2.08) |
1.64 (0.66–4.06) |
1.08 (0.45–2.63) |
1.26 (0.72–2.21) |
1.17 (0.44–3.09) |
|
Exercise (reference: no) |
Yes |
1.32 (1.06–1.65)*
|
1.39 (1.04–1.85)*
|
0.72 (0.44–1.19) |
1.61 (1.28–2.04)*
|
1.05 (0.79–1.40) |
0.83 (0.50–1.38) |
|
Smoking (reference: yes) |
Ex-smoker |
1.65 (1.25–2.16)*
|
1.39 (1.03–1.88)*
|
1.55 (0.85–2.84) |
3,17 (1.72–5.83)*
|
2.71 (0.87–8.37) |
0.46 (0.12–1.82) |
|
|
No |
2.37 (1.80–3.12)*
|
1.55 (1.02–2.36)*
|
2.67 (1.19–6.01)*
|
3.59 (2.14–6.03)*
|
2.33 (0.99–5.49) |
0.40 (0.14–1.14) |
|
Alcohol drinking (reference: drinking) |
No |
0.91 (0.68–1.21) |
0.96 (0.70–1.33) |
0.78 (0.48–1.27) |
1.01 (0.80–1.28) |
0.85 (0.64–1.13) |
0.53 (0.30–0.94)*
|
|
Perceived body image (reference: obese) |
Acceptable weight |
1.78 (1.27–2.48)*
|
1.27 (0.87–1.86) |
1.26 (0.62–2.58) |
1.75 (1.33–2.31)*
|
1.34 (0.95–1.89) |
0.74 (0.39–1.37) |
|
|
Underweight |
1.38 (0.94–2.02) |
0.99 (0.62–1.60) |
0.64 (0.27–1.49) |
1.00 (0.68–1.48) |
1.30 (0.79–2.15) |
0.72 (0.34–1.52) |
|
Chronic disease (reference: yes) |
No |
1.90 (1.21–2.98)*
|
1.76 (1.31–2.37)*
|
1.46 (0.88–2.44) |
2.77 (1.35–5.69)*
|
1.91 (1.40–2.60)*
|
1.50 (0.89–2.49) |
|
Body mass index (reference: obese) |
Normal |
0.73 (0.52–1.01) |
1.19 (0.81–1.74) |
0.99 (0.50–1.94) |
0.88 (0.63–1.23) |
0.79 (0.56–1.12) |
0.86 (0.47–1.57) |