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HOME > Osong Public Health Res Perspect > Volume 11(4); 2020 > Article
Review Article
COVID-19 Public Health Measures During National Assembly Elections of the Republic of Korea
Eun Young Kim, Eun Kyoung Kim, Minwon Lee, Hye Kyung Park
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2020;11(4):158-163.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.03
Published online: August 31, 2020

Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea

*Corresponding author: Hye Kyung Park, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, E-mail: hpark88@korea.kr
• Received: July 20, 2020   • Revised: July 22, 2020   • Accepted: July 31, 2020

Copyright ©2020, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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  • The general elections for the 21st National Assembly in the Republic of Korea were scheduled for April 15th, 2020, which was during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. To ensure a safe election, the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) recommended several public health measures. The KCDC developed key interventions after reviewing the general election strategy that targeted COVID-19 patients and individuals isolating at home. Four voters who participated in the election tested positive, but did not contract COVID-19 during voting. The results demonstrated that the KCDC minimized the spread of infection in the community during the election. The measures implemented by KCDC during the election held under a COVID-19 outbreak cannot be generalized to elections as a whole because cultural and national consciousness vary between countries. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that the systemic strategies and applications against the pandemic can minimize the possibility of viral spread.
Korea borders with China where there has been active passage of materials and personnel between countries. After reports of unexplained pneumonia cases in Wuhan [1], the KCDC assessed the risk and organized a task force. The cases of unexplained pneumonia were monitored, resources such as protective equipment and hospital facilities were managed, and a new quarantine and diagnosis system was introduced. On January 20th, the first COVID-19 case in Korea was reported during a customs inspection [2]. This patient was a Chinese national living in Wuhan. Initially, the cases in Korea emerged due to the influx of foreigners and a few families with the infection. However, on February 18th there was viral transmission at a church in Daegu leading to a large outbreak. Since infection in the community was serious, Korea raised the national crisis alert to the most severe level and strengthened the response to the pandemic. Due to the large number of patients, temporary isolation facilities called Living Treatment Centers were established, and mild cases of symptomatic and asymptomatic disease were managed. From 1st to 14th April, the average number of patients per day was 56. The average number of overseas immigrants was 5,218.
In Korea, the general elections for the 21st National Assembly were planned for April 15th, 2020. The participation in the election of COVID-19 patients and individuals who were isolating at home was a task to ensure the constitutional right of suffrage, and to achieve the public health goal of preventing the spread of infectious disease in the community. It was important to have an accurate understanding of the voting process, a precise guide for COVID-19 patients and individuals who were isolating at home who wanted to vote, and management guidelines for support personnel. To that end, the Election Commission, the Ministry of Interior and Safety, and the KCDC worked closely together.
Since patients and individuals who were isolating at home had indicated their desire to participate, preparations were made for the election. There was a lot of concern regarding spread of infection in the community because of mass gatherings during the election, which facilitated contact with each other. To ensure a safe election, the KCDC envisaged multiple scenarios and introduced steps to alleviate the risk of infection. In this review, the public health interventions adopted in Korea are presented and a public health plan and related measures for an election during the COVID-19 outbreak are discussed.
1. The Korean election and vote
The types of voting for the National Assembly elections in Korea include resident voting, overseas voting, early voting, and general voting. The prevention of infection is described in this article for resident voting, early voting, and general voting. Voting at the place of residence was previously registered. Early voting was held on April 10th and 11th, and was reported in 3,500 polling stations nationally. On April 15th, the general election was held. There were 29,126,396 Koreans (constituting 66.2% of all voters), who cast their ballot. Patients with COVID-19 were allowed to vote from their place of residence by mail. Patients and individuals who were isolating at home were required to vote early. There were 446 voters at the Living Treatment Centers who were registered to vote from their place of residence. Amongst individuals who were isolating at home, 13,789 (23.2%) voters were registered to vote in the election. In this election, 525,000 participated as election staff, assistants, and election observers.
2. The risk of COVID-19 during the election
The experiences during the past elections including the expected number of voters, polling stations, and individuals isolating at home on election day were reviewed. Based on this analysis, a review meeting was held, and discussions with the relevant government departments were conducted. It was concluded that the infection could be managed adequately by regulating the environment at the polling stations with good ventilation [3], and encouraging the management, staff, and voters to wear personal protective equipment (PPE).
Public measures during the election consisted of planning, practice, and assessment (Table 1). The KCDC personnel coordinated with the government departments related to the election such as the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, local governments, and the National Election Commission. The electoral guidelines for individuals isolating at home were established and distributed via continuous meetings (offline and online) to address the public health concerns during the election.
3. The election step
Since the general elections for the 21st National Assembly were held during the COVID-19 pandemic, separate polling booths were set up to regulate the flow of voters to ensure a safe election. The voters who had a fever and/or respiratory symptoms voted at isolated polling booths and asymptomatic voters cast their vote at the regular polling booth. Before the vote was cast, the voters’ temperature was measured and checks for respiratory symptoms were performed. The asymptomatic voters used a hand sanitizer before putting on disposable gloves and maintained 1-meter distance from each other. They carried an ID card for verification checks by the election staff and submitted their digital signature to receive a ballot paper. They went behind the voting screen and posted the ballot paper in the box. Before leaving, they removed their disposable gloves and sanitized their hands again.
The voters who had fever and/or respiratory symptoms were guided to an isolated polling booth and the election staff handed them a ballot. After casting their vote, they placed the ballot in the envelope, sealed it, and handed it to the election staff at the isolated voting booths, who then delivered it to the election staff to post it into the box. The election observers accompanied the election staff at the isolated booth throughout the election and witnessed the whole electoral process. After the voters left, the election staff disinfected the surface environment, and equipment used in the election.
The KCDC established guidelines for COVID-19 patients and individuals isolating at home during the general elections for the 21st National Assembly (Table 2). The patients were registered to vote in their place of residence for 5 days from March 24th. The ballot paper and return envelope for the voters were received via the mail. The patients who were diagnosed after the registration period cast their ballot during an early voting period between April 10th and 11th. The National Election Commission installed and managed the early voting stations specifically set up at the Living Treatment Centers. The election step was the same as usual and the election managers in the Living Treatment Centers used PPE.
Each of the local government officials generated a list of names via a mobile application and texting for the individuals isolating at home who wanted to vote. The public authorities checked the temperature and the respiratory symptoms of the cases isolating at home on April 15th. They were only allowed to leave the home when they had no symptoms. The public officials checked their route from time to time and managed their use of the app. Individuals isolating at home, who were allowed to go out to vote, were required to wear a mask, and either use their own vehicle or walk alone. They could only vote after 6 pm following the general vote. Cases of COVID-19, if confirmed after the vote between April 10th and 29th, were contacted and monitored.
4. Confirmed COVID-19 case
As of April 15th, 2020, the total number of cases isolating at home was 59,387. Among those individuals, 13,789 were registered to vote in the election as of April 14th, and 11,511 (83.5%) individuals participated in the election on April 15th. Among the COVID-19 patients who were confirmed after the Election Day, 4 participated in the vote, and they were all males (1 in his 40s, 2 in their 50s, and 1 in his 60s). Two cases were from the Gyeonggi and Gyeongbuk provinces, respectively. Three of the 4 patients were infected due to close contact with a confirmed case, and 1 was an imported case from the Arab Emirates. At the time of the vote, these patients declared that they exhibited no symptoms, and they had either walked or drove their car to the polling station. It was determined that these patients had spent less than 10 minutes at the polling station. All of these patients adhered to the rules of wearing a mask and maintained physical distance. Hence, no potential risk of spreading the virus was determined during the voting process (Table 3).
Korea is not the first country to hold an election during a pandemic. In the United States in 1918, elections were held during the influenza pandemic [4]. During the elections, preventive measures such as wearing a mask and maintaining adequate distance were taken at polling stations in San Francisco. When influenza was prevalent in San Francisco during October 1918, official orders were issued for mandatory wearing of masks when in public or in groups of 2 or more people. In addition, all employees and voters at polling stations were required to wear masks on Election Day. In Idaho, all voters were mandated to stand in a single line at the polling station to prevent disorderly crowds that may spread the disease [4]. In this election, in Korea, all voters were required to wear masks, and keep a distance of more than 1 meter. The voters used disposable gloves after engaging in hand hygiene at the entrance to the polling station.
The turnout rate in the 1918 elections in the United States was lower than in previous elections. There were many reasons for such low turnout in the elections, such as the ongoing war, but the main factor for the low turnout was the influenza pandemic. Many voters chose to stay at home because they were already ill due to the disease or feared becoming infected during the voting process [4].
One remarkable distinction between the elections of the 2 countries was that the voter turnout rate in Korean election was 66.2%, which was higher than in previous elections. Further investigation underlying the findings is needed, but it appears that the isolated polling booths reduced voters’ anxiety about disease transmission. Furthermore, special measures adopted to facilitate voting by patients and individuals isolating at home also reduced anxiety levels.
Furthermore, resident voting measures guaranteed suffrage to qualifying citizens to vote from their place of residence. Temporary polling stations were set up at the Living Treatment Centers to allow patients to participate in early voting. Voters isolating at home were granted a separate voting time to encourage their participation in the election. After the election, it was determined that 4 individuals who had participated in the voting were confirmed as COVID-19 patients. However, these individuals had not contracted COVID-19 during the voting process of the election. There were no other confirmed cases of infection among voters and the election management team. Hence, such results suggest that the overall process and preventive measures taken during the election process minimized the spread of infection.
In 2015, the Korean government was criticized for its weak measures for the prevention, cooperation, and control of the MERS epidemic. The lesson of Korea’s preventive measures during the COVID-19 epidemic is attributed to a systematic operational plan and implementing various strategies through cooperation between related ministries and agencies.
Due to differences in other nations' election processes, confirmed cases, culture, public awareness, and response capabilities, the public health measures adopted by Korea in this election cannot be generalized and applied to other countries. However, it can be concluded that well-established strategies and applications may reduce the risk of contagion.
Acknowledgements
We thank the relevant ministries, including the National Election Commission, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, and local governments. The opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Table 1
Public measures and key considerations for an election during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Stage Key considerations Measures Govermental bodies*
The planning stage
  • Establishment of a cooperative system

  • Cooperation with the relevant government departments

    • - Determination of key factors and previous discussions via continuous meetings (online and offline)

A
  • Analysis of potential risk

  • Risk factors associated with the current strategy

    • - Expected number of voters in each polling station, the environment inside and outside the polling station, and general voting measures

  • Risk factors associated with individual voters

    • - Number of suspected, asymptomatic, and confirmed cases, and individuals isolating at home

  • Management

  • Design of a cooperative system with relevant departments

  • Recommendations for infectious disease prevention and control based on specific departmental decisions

  • Development of electoral plan by the National Election Commission based on key recommendations:

    • - Installation of separate polling booths

    • - Recruitment of key personnel

    • - Monitoring of symptoms before entry into the polling station

    • - Preventive measures (wearing mask and disposable gloves, maintaining a physical distance of 1m, and wearing personal protective equipment)

    • - Monitoring the voters for 14 days after the election

    • - Training the election staff

    • - Communication of the election steps and public health guidelines

  • Support strategy for the local election developed by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, and the local government registration

    • - Evaluation of symptoms of individuals isolating at home before the election

Monitoring for the election using a mobile app
Management strategy and movement on the election day
A, B, C, D
  • Assessment of competence and resource

  • Assessment of the testing capability and management competence for home isolation

  • Information sharing system (list of names and contacts) for rapid investigation of close contacts

  • Assessment of resources, such as thermometers and hand sanitizers, by the National Election Commission

  • Communication strategy

  • Announcement of the election steps and national code of conduct

B
The practice stage
  • Management inspection

  • Inspection of management conditions compared with the plan

    • - Evaluation of the environment in the polling station, voting step, and resources

  • Supplemental strategy during preliminary voting

  • Sharing challenges during the election and regulatory measures

    • - Non-compliance with the guidelines by individuals isolating at home

B, C, D
  • Monitoring

  • Checking of symptoms before entering the polling station

  • Close monitoring of suspected cases with the local health center

  • Monitoring individuals isolating at home

  • Communication of risk

  • Communication of the national code of conduct via emergency warning text

    • - Wearing mask, maintaining social distance, using own vehicle or walking alone

  • Announcement of the election step and live broadcast by the press

The evaluation stage
  • Monitoring and epidemiological investigation

  • Voter investigation and tracing of confirmed cases

  • Analysis of the risk of disease spread via epidemiological investigation

  • Assessment of compliance for preventive measures during the election

A
  • General assessment

  • Results of management assessment

*A = The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; B = The National Election Commission; C = The Ministry of the Interior and Safety; D = local governments.

Table 2
Election strategy for COVID-19 patients and individuals isolating at home.
Parameter COVID-19 patients Individuals isolating at home
Type Resident voting, early voting General voting
 Polling station Hospitals and Living Treatment Center Near the place of isolation
 Manager Managers and representatives of hospitals and Living Treatment Center (new designation for the election) Management of public officials

PPE
 Voter Mask, disposable gloves after hand hygiene using a hand sanitizer Mask, disposable gloves after hand hygiene using a hand sanitizer
 Election staff Mask, gloves, goggles, coverall gown Mask, gloves, goggles, coverall gown

Disinfection
 Polling booth Each time Each time
 Ballot Disinfection of the sealed envelope No extra disinfection of the ballots

Voting procedure Registration to vote
Proceeding to the special polling station in the hospital/Living Treatment Center
Wearing disposable gloves after hand hygiene
Vote
Disinfection of the polling booth
Hand hygiene after removing the disposable gloves
Return to the place of isolation
Registration to vote
Allowance for going out after checking the symptoms
Walking alone using own vehicle
Registration on the app and recording
Checking symptoms/wearing disposable gloves after hand hygiene
Entry into the waiting room / waiting after 6 pm
Distribution of the waiting tickets / entry to the polling station
Vote
Disinfection of the polling booth
Hand hygiene after removing disposable gloves
Return to the place of isolation/end of app monitoring
Table 3
Status of confirmed cases participating in the election during period of communicability.
Case A B C D
General characteristics
 Gender Male Male Male Male
 Age (y) 66 51 46 55
 Provence Gyeongbuk Gyeonggi Gyeongbuk Gyeonggi

Epidemic characteristics
 Day of voting April 10th April 15th April 15th April 15th
 COVID-19 confirmed date April 12th April 23rd April 21st April 26th
 No. of contacts 4 40 0 1
 Person-to-person transmission case (n) 0 0 0 0
 Travel history No No No Yes
 Isolation state Na Na Home Home

Election characteristics
 Type of voting Early General General General
 Symptoms during voting No No No No
 Travel to the polling station Own vehicle Own vehicle Walked Walked
 Approximate duration of stay at the polling station (min) 10 10 15 25
 Wearing of masks Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Use PPE (mask, gloves, etc.) Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Physical distance Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Contact with others Yes* No No No

*Met an acquaintance and exchanged greetings for 5 minutes after exiting the polling station.

Stayed in the United Arab Emirates from January 1st, 2020 to April 13th, 2020.

PPE = personal protective equipment.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Determinants of Preventive Behavioral Measures in Polling Stations during General Election in Indonesia
      Fajar Ariyanti, Mustakim Mustakim, Moch Thoriq Assegaf Al Ayubi, Muhammad Iqbal Nurmansyah, Mutia Maulidina, Dumilah Ayuningtyas
      Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 10(E): 1294.     CrossRef
    • Future pandemics and elections: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic, Thana, Kenya and Tanzania
      Robert Macdonald, Thomas Molony
      Journal of African Elections.2022; 22(2): 46.     CrossRef

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    COVID-19 Public Health Measures During National Assembly Elections of the Republic of Korea
    COVID-19 Public Health Measures During National Assembly Elections of the Republic of Korea
    Stage Key considerations Measures Govermental bodies*
    The planning stage

    Establishment of a cooperative system

    Cooperation with the relevant government departments

    - Determination of key factors and previous discussions via continuous meetings (online and offline)

    A

    Analysis of potential risk

    Risk factors associated with the current strategy

    - Expected number of voters in each polling station, the environment inside and outside the polling station, and general voting measures

    Risk factors associated with individual voters

    - Number of suspected, asymptomatic, and confirmed cases, and individuals isolating at home

    Management

    Design of a cooperative system with relevant departments

    Recommendations for infectious disease prevention and control based on specific departmental decisions

    Development of electoral plan by the National Election Commission based on key recommendations:

    - Installation of separate polling booths

    - Recruitment of key personnel

    - Monitoring of symptoms before entry into the polling station

    - Preventive measures (wearing mask and disposable gloves, maintaining a physical distance of 1m, and wearing personal protective equipment)

    - Monitoring the voters for 14 days after the election

    - Training the election staff

    - Communication of the election steps and public health guidelines

    Support strategy for the local election developed by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, and the local government registration

    - Evaluation of symptoms of individuals isolating at home before the election

    Monitoring for the election using a mobile app
    Management strategy and movement on the election day
    A, B, C, D

    Assessment of competence and resource

    Assessment of the testing capability and management competence for home isolation

    Information sharing system (list of names and contacts) for rapid investigation of close contacts

    Assessment of resources, such as thermometers and hand sanitizers, by the National Election Commission

    Communication strategy

    Announcement of the election steps and national code of conduct

    B
    The practice stage

    Management inspection

    Inspection of management conditions compared with the plan

    - Evaluation of the environment in the polling station, voting step, and resources

    Supplemental strategy during preliminary voting

    Sharing challenges during the election and regulatory measures

    - Non-compliance with the guidelines by individuals isolating at home

    B, C, D

    Monitoring

    Checking of symptoms before entering the polling station

    Close monitoring of suspected cases with the local health center

    Monitoring individuals isolating at home

    Communication of risk

    Communication of the national code of conduct via emergency warning text

    - Wearing mask, maintaining social distance, using own vehicle or walking alone

    Announcement of the election step and live broadcast by the press

    The evaluation stage

    Monitoring and epidemiological investigation

    Voter investigation and tracing of confirmed cases

    Analysis of the risk of disease spread via epidemiological investigation

    Assessment of compliance for preventive measures during the election

    A

    General assessment

    Results of management assessment

    Parameter COVID-19 patients Individuals isolating at home
    Type Resident voting, early voting General voting
     Polling station Hospitals and Living Treatment Center Near the place of isolation
     Manager Managers and representatives of hospitals and Living Treatment Center (new designation for the election) Management of public officials

    PPE
     Voter Mask, disposable gloves after hand hygiene using a hand sanitizer Mask, disposable gloves after hand hygiene using a hand sanitizer
     Election staff Mask, gloves, goggles, coverall gown Mask, gloves, goggles, coverall gown

    Disinfection
     Polling booth Each time Each time
     Ballot Disinfection of the sealed envelope No extra disinfection of the ballots

    Voting procedure Registration to vote
    Proceeding to the special polling station in the hospital/Living Treatment Center
    Wearing disposable gloves after hand hygiene
    Vote
    Disinfection of the polling booth
    Hand hygiene after removing the disposable gloves
    Return to the place of isolation
    Registration to vote
    Allowance for going out after checking the symptoms
    Walking alone using own vehicle
    Registration on the app and recording
    Checking symptoms/wearing disposable gloves after hand hygiene
    Entry into the waiting room / waiting after 6 pm
    Distribution of the waiting tickets / entry to the polling station
    Vote
    Disinfection of the polling booth
    Hand hygiene after removing disposable gloves
    Return to the place of isolation/end of app monitoring
    Case A B C D
    General characteristics
     Gender Male Male Male Male
     Age (y) 66 51 46 55
     Provence Gyeongbuk Gyeonggi Gyeongbuk Gyeonggi

    Epidemic characteristics
     Day of voting April 10th April 15th April 15th April 15th
     COVID-19 confirmed date April 12th April 23rd April 21st April 26th
     No. of contacts 4 40 0 1
     Person-to-person transmission case (n) 0 0 0 0
     Travel history No No No Yes
     Isolation state Na Na Home Home

    Election characteristics
     Type of voting Early General General General
     Symptoms during voting No No No No
     Travel to the polling station Own vehicle Own vehicle Walked Walked
     Approximate duration of stay at the polling station (min) 10 10 15 25
     Wearing of masks Yes Yes Yes Yes
     Use PPE (mask, gloves, etc.) Yes Yes Yes Yes
     Physical distance Yes Yes Yes Yes
     Contact with others Yes* No No No
    Table 1 Public measures and key considerations for an election during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    A = The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; B = The National Election Commission; C = The Ministry of the Interior and Safety; D = local governments.

    Table 2 Election strategy for COVID-19 patients and individuals isolating at home.

    Table 3 Status of confirmed cases participating in the election during period of communicability.

    Met an acquaintance and exchanged greetings for 5 minutes after exiting the polling station.

    Stayed in the United Arab Emirates from January 1st, 2020 to April 13th, 2020.

    PPE = personal protective equipment.


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