<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>An atypical <italic>Shigella flexneri</italic> strain with a plural agglutination pattern [i.e., reacting not only with serum samples containing type antigen II but also with serum samples containing group antigens (3)4 and 7(8)] was selected for genome sequencing, with the aim of obtaining additional comparative information about such strains.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The genomic DNA of atypical <italic>S. flexneri</italic> strain NCCP 15744 was sequenced using an Ion Torrent PGM sequencing machine (Life Technologies, USA). The raw sequence data were preprocessed and reference-assembled in the CLC Assembly Cell software (version 4.0.6; CLC bio, USA).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Ion Torrent sequencing produced 1,450,025 single reads with an average length of 144 bp, totaling ~209 Mbp. The NCCP 15744 genome is composed of one chromosome and four plasmids and contains a <italic>gtrX</italic> gene. Among the published genome sequences of <italic>S. flexneri</italic> strains, including 2457T, Sf301, and 2002017, strain NCCP 15744 showed high similarity with strain 2002017. The differences between NCCP 15744 and 2002017 are as follows: i) NCCP 15744 carries four plasmids whereas 2002017 carries five; ii) 19 genes (including <italic>CI</italic>, <italic>CII</italic>, and <italic>cro</italic>) were lost in the <italic>SHI-O</italic> genomic island of NCCP 15744 and six genes were gained as compared with strain 2002017.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Strain NCCP 15744 is genetically similar to 2002017, but these two strains have different multilocus sequence types and serotypes. The exact reason is unclear, but the 19 lost genes may be responsible for the atypical seroconversion of strain NCCP 15744.</p></sec>
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Genomic and proteomic characterization of two strains of Shigella flexneri 2 isolated from infants’ stool samples in Argentina Mónica F. Torrez Lamberti, Lucrecia C. Terán, Fabián E. Lopez, María de las Mercedes Pescaretti, Mónica A. Delgado BMC Genomics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To investigate the prevalence and toxin production characteristics of non-emetic and emetic <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic> strains isolated via the laboratory surveillance system in Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 667 <italic>B. cereus</italic> strains were collected by the Korea National Research Institute of Health laboratory surveillance system from 2012 to 2014. The collected strains were analyzed by geographical region, season, patient age, and patient sex. Additionally, the prevalence rates of enterotoxin and emetic toxin genes were evaluated.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The isolation rate of <italic>B. cereus</italic> strains increased during the summer, but the isolation rate was evenly distributed among patient age groups. Emetic toxin was produced by 20.2% of the isolated strains. The prevalence rates of five enterotoxin genes (<italic>entFM</italic>, <italic>nheA</italic>, <italic>cytK2</italic>, <italic>hblC</italic>, and <italic>bceT</italic>) were 85.0, 78.6, 44.5, 36.6, and 29.7%, respectively, among non-emetic strains and 77.8, 59.3, 17.8, 11.9 and 12.6%, respectively, among emetic strains. Thus, the prevalence rates of all five enterotoxin genes were lower in emetic <italic>B. cereus</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The prevalence of enterotoxin genes differed between non-emetic and emetic <italic>B. cereus</italic> strains. Among emetic <italic>B. cereus</italic> strains, the prevalence rates of two enterotoxin genes (<italic>cytK2</italic> and <italic>hblC</italic>) were lower than those among the non-emetic strains. In both the emetic and non-emetic strains isolated in Korea, <italic>nheA</italic> and <italic>entFM</italic> were the most prevalent enterotoxin genes.</p></sec>
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Objectives
The aim of this study was to characterize the pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea according to season, region of isolation, patient age, and sex as well as to provide useful data for the prevention of diarrheal disease. Methods
Stool specimens from 14,886 patients with diarrhea were collected to identify pathogenic bacteria from January 2014 to December 2014 in Korea. A total of 3,526 pathogenic bacteria were isolated and analyzed according to season, region of isolation, and the age and sex of the patient. Results
The breakdown of the isolated pathogenic bacteria were as follows: <i>Salmonella</i> spp. 476 (13.5%), pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> 777 (22.0%), <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> 26 (0.74%), <i>Shigella</i> spp. 13 (0.37%), <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. 215 (6.10%), <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> 508 (14.4%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> 1,144 (32.4%), <i>Bacillus cereus</i> 356 (10.1%), <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> 1 (0.03%), and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> 10 (0.3%). The isolation rate trend showed the highest ratio in the summer season from June to September for most of the pathogenic bacteria except the Gram-positive bacteria. The isolation rate of most of the pathogenic bacteria by patient age showed highest ratio in the 0–19 year age range. For isolation rate by region, 56.2% were isolated from cities and 43.8% were isolated from provinces. Conclusion
Hygiene education should be addressed for diarrheal disease-susceptible groups, such as those younger than 10 years, aged 10–19 years, and older than 70 years, and monitoring for the pathogens is still required. In addition, an efficient laboratory surveillance system for infection control should be continued.
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Objectives
To investigate the biofilm-forming related factors against MRSA bloodstream isolates and evaluates their clinical features and treatment outcomes by biofilm production. Methods
We collected 126 consecutive methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) causing blood stream infections (BSIs) at 10 tertiary hospitals from 2007 to 2009. We investigated biofilm-forming ability using a microtiter plate assay, and molecular characteristics including multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec and accessory gene regulator types. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients infected with biofilm-forming and non-biofilm-forming MRSA isolates. Results
Of the 126 samples, 86 (68.3%), including 5 strong level (OD<sub>570</sub> ≥ 1.0) and 81 weak level (0.2 ≤ OD<sub>570</sub> < 1.0), had biofilm-forming capacity. Detection of fibronectinbinding protein in biofilm-forming strains was significantly higher than biofilm non-forming ones (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and three enterotoxin genes (sec-seg-sei) islands had a high frequency regardless of biofilm production. However, biofilm-forming strains were more likely to be multidrug resistant (three or more non-β-lactam antibiotics) than biofilm non-forming ones [79.2% vs. 59.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.015, odds ratio (OR) 2.629, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92–5.81]. Clinical features of patients with BSIs caused by biofilm-forming MRSA strains were more likely to be hospital onset [77.9% vs. 60.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.024, OR 2.434, 95% CI 1.11–5.33) and more frequently occurred in patients with use of invasive devices [85.7% vs. 61.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.002, OR 3.879, 95% CI 1.61–8.97]. The other clinical features were compared with the clinical outcomes of the two groups and were not significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Conclusion
Biofilm-forming MRSA strains showed higher frequency of <i>fnbB</i> gene than biofilm non-forming ones and more incidence rates on particular genotypes. And, their patient's features were not significantly different between two groups in this study, except for several clinical factors.
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Objectives
This study investigated the fluoroquinolone-resistant mechanism of 56 clinical cases of <i>A baumannii</i> infection from 23 non-tertiary hospitals, collected between 2004 and 2006. Methods
Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and Epsilometer test. Analyses of quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) were done by sequencing. The activity of the efflux pump was measured using inhibitors. Results
The sequences from selected 56 isolates were divided into seven groups (I-VII) on the basis of mutations in <i>gyrA</i> (S83L), <i>parC</i> (S80L, S80W and S84K) and <i>gyrB</i> (containing the novel mutations E679D, D644Y and A677V). The 27 isolates with triple mutations in <i>gyrA, gyrB</i> and <i>parC</i> (groups IV-VII) showed higher levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 16-256 μg/mL) than the 26 isolates with double mutations in <i>gyrA</i> and <i>parC</i> (groups II and III, MIC of 8-64 μ g/mL; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Alterations in the efflux pump were observed in four isolates with the <i>parC</i> S80L mutation (group II) or E84K mutation (group VII), but no effect was observed in an isolate with the <i>parC</i> S80 W mutation (group III). Conclusion
These results suggest that triple mutations in clinical isolates of <i>A baumannii</i> contribute to the development of high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones and that mutations in <i>parC</i> S80L or E84K (groups II and VII) may contribute to alterations in efflux pump activity in <i>A baumannii</i>.
Citations
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