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PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

OPEN ACCESS. pISSN: 2210-9099. eISSN: 2233-6052

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"drug resistance"

Original Articles

Environmental emergence and dissemination of clinically relevant multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in sewage and aquatic ecosystems
Smita Atara, Komal Antaliya, Nilam Vaghamshi, Ashaka Vansia, Anjana Ghelani, Rajesh Patel, Pravin Dudhagara
Received February 19, 2026  Accepted May 28, 2026  Published online July 23, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2026.0186    [Epub ahead of print]
Objectives
This study characterized multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in sewage, river, and marine ecosystems in South Gujarat, India.
Methods
Water samples were collected from 25 hospital drainage, sewage treatment/pumping, Tapi River, and coastal marine sites at multiple time points. From 270 screened colonies, 166 morphologically and biochemically distinct nonduplicate isolates were retained. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed, and isolates were classified as MDR, extensively drug-resistant (XDR), or pan-drug-resistant (PDR). Biofilm formation, metabolic activity, extracellular polymeric substance protein, heavy metal tolerance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, carbapenemase production, and metallo-β-lactamase activity were assessed phenotypically. Tapi River estuary water was used for taxonomic profiling and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) detection.
Results
The 166 isolates comprised 45 bacterial species, with clinically significant Gram-negative pathogens predominating, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=24, 14.5%), Ochrobactrum intermedium (n=16, 9.6%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=15, 9.0%), and Escherichia coli (n=12, 7.2%). MDR phenotypes were detected in 80.1% of isolates; 18.1% were XDR, and 1.8% were PDR, with PDR isolates confined to river water samples. Biofilm formation was observed in 86.1% (n=143) of isolates, including 28.3% (n=47) strong, 24.7% (n=41) moderate, and 32.5% (n=54) weak producers. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was confirmed in 13.4% of Gram-negative isolates, and carbapenemase activity was detected in 11 isolates. Zinc and copper tolerance were significantly higher in XDR than in MDR isolates (p<0.05). Metagenomics identified efflux pumps as the dominant ARG class (36.2%), followed by target-site mutations (21.3%) and β-lactamases (14.9%), and detected blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-207, gyrA, and parC.
Conclusion
These interconnected aquatic systems represent important reservoirs for community-level antimicrobial resistance transmission.
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Genetic profiling of the tolC component of the acrAB-TolC efflux pump in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: a cross-sectional study in Pontianak, Indonesia
Mardhia Mardhia, Delima Fajar Liana, Sari Eka Pratiwi, Mahyarudin Mahyarudin, Risa Agustina
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2026;17(3):254-261.
Published online April 20, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0573
Genetic profiling of the tolC component of the acrAB-TolC efflux pump in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: a cross-sectional study in Pontianak, Indonesia
Objectives
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Its increasing prevalence poses substantial challenges to both hospital and public health systems due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Understanding the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae and its antimicrobial resistance characteristics may support antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2025. Methods: A total of 62 isolates underwent phenotypic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the BD Phoenix system (Becton Dickinson), followed by molecular detection of K. pneumoniae and efflux pump genes. Sanger sequencing was performed on isolates positive for the tolC gene. Results: Among the isolates, 66.1% were classified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 6.5% as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and 6.5% as both ESBL and CRE producers. Most clinical isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime. The acrAB and tolC genes were detected in all 62 isolates. One isolate showed a genetic profile similar to that of the K. pneumoniae KP 52.145 strain. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates and confirmed the presence of efflux pump genes, including tolC, with observable genetic variability. Further investigation of tolC gene evolution is essential, as these genes play critical roles in antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
  • 2,588 View
  • 48 Download

Review Article

Applying biotechnology to overcome cancer drug resistance and improve public health outcomes
Franklin Akwasi Adjei, Bernard Kwame Frempong, Augustine Afriyie
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2026;17(1):4-16.
Published online February 4, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0336
Applying biotechnology to overcome cancer drug resistance and improve public health outcomes
This review examines how biotechnology advances (CRISPR/Cas9, next-generation targeted therapies, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, and immunotherapies) can be applied to address cancer drug resistance worldwide. It also considers the economic burden of resistance, inequities in access to biotechnology solutions, and ethical concerns surrounding rapid innovation, particularly in low-resource settings. A narrative review synthesized evidence from basic science studies, clinical trials, translational research, and policy analyses. Evidence was prioritized for 2015–2025 publications. The synthesis highlights resistance biology and evaluates how precision medicine, biomarker-guided treatment, and high-throughput drug screening can inform individualized regimens and rational combinations. Breakthroughs in gene editing, targeted inhibitors, nanocarriers, and immune engineering can counter key resistance mechanisms, including resistance-conferring mutations, altered drug transport, immune evasion, and tumor microenvironment–mediated protection. Despite progress, implementation barriers remain substantial: high drug and development costs, limited molecular diagnostics and manufacturing capacity, and regulatory and governance challenges that can delay adoption and widen disparities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Integrating biotechnology innovations within precision medicine frameworks may improve treatment selection and patient outcomes. Maximizing public health impact requires affordability and financing strategies, robust ethical oversight, timely regulatory pathways, and coordinated global collaboration to ensure access to effective therapies across health systems worldwide.
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Original Articles

Prevalence, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam
Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen, Phuc Hung Truong, Hoa Truong Thi, Xuan Tuy Ho, Phu Van Nguyen
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(1):56-67.
Published online February 19, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0181
Prevalence, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam
Objectives
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen in aquatic animals and a threat to human health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Methods: In total, 150 rearing water samples were collected from 10 fish mariculture farms in winter and summer. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify V. parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, and ARGs. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated using the disk diffusion test and a microtiter plate-based crystal violet method, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven V. parahaemolyticus isolates were recovered from 150 samples. The frequencies of the tdh and trh genes among V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 8.1% and 21.6%, respectively. More than 90% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol, but over 72% were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Furthermore, 67.57% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The presence of ARGs related to gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), tetracycline (tetA) and ciprofloxacin (qnrA) in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was identified. Conversely, no ARGs related to ampicillin or erythromycin resistance were detected. Biofilm formation capacity was detected in significantly more multidrug-resistant isolates (64.9%) than non-multidrug-resistant isolates (18.9%). Conclusion: Mariculture environments are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus and a hotspot for virulence genes and ARGs diffusing to aquatic environments. Thus, the prevention of antibiotic-resistant foodborne vibriosis in aquatic animals and humans requires continuous monitoring.

Citations

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  • The synthetic peptide GATR-3 shows significant antibacterial and biofilm-inhibition activity against shellfish- and oyster-associated bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus
    Sabrina Hsin-Yin Tsai, Brett A. Froelich, Monique L. van Hoek
    Comparative Immunology Reports.2026; 10: 200266.     CrossRef
  • Antimicrobial resistance in shrimp aquaculture: Pathways, ecosystem risks, and policy responses
    Lovely Akter, Neaz A. Hasan, Moshiur Rahman, Nasrullah Forajy, Mohammad Mahfujul Haque
    Environmental Challenges.2026; 22: 101401.     CrossRef
  • Influence of environmental parameters on total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from mussels and clams
    Görkem Cengiz, Özlem Küplülü
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2026; 213: 108352.     CrossRef
  • Phenotypic and genomic characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at wet markets and online retail channels
    Xiaoyu Wang, Jiayi Zhang, Yongheng Zhu, Jun Wang, Tian Ding, Xinyu Liao, Juhee Ahn
    Food Science and Biotechnology.2026; 35(5): 1319.     CrossRef
  • The role of cortisol as a physiological stress indicator in fish contamination by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its implications for human health
    Rzgar Farooq Rashid
    Italian Journal of Food Safety.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation in Bacteria Isolated from White-Leg Shrimp in Traditional Markets, Can Tho City, Vietnam
    Hau Huu Tran, Nhi Thao Huynh, Nam Van Be Tran, Thanh Uyen Le, Tam Ngoc Thanh Huynh
    World's Veterinary Journal.2026; 16(1): 259.     CrossRef
  • New insights into the resistome-mobilome–biofilm relationship in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
    Antoine Régnier, Virginie Chesnais, Cecile Dumaire, Cecile Berdous, Romain Briandet, Sabine Debuiche, Virgile Guéneau, Graziella Midelet, Mélanie Gay, Thomas Brauge
    Food Microbiology.2026; 140: 105162.     CrossRef
  • Molecular Epidemiology, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Virulence Profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Aquatic Foods in Shenzhen, China
    Fei Zha, Rui Luo, Longfei Hu, Weipeng Chen, Chun-Xu Xue
    Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interface-dependent V. parahaemolyticus biofilm under varying temperatures, media, and oxygen conditions: implications for seafood safety
    Hansani Nilupama Kumari Senarath Pathirana, Steve Flint, Jon Palmer
    Food Research International.2026; 242: 120008.     CrossRef
  • Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant, biofilm-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a brackish water aquaculture-estuarine interface
    S.J. Abisha Juliet Mary, M. Petchimuthu, S. Deepika, G. Ferolin Jessina, S. Balasundari
    Environmental Pollution.2026; 409: 128990.     CrossRef
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    Yahan Cao, Ling-jia Zhu, TianQi Wang, Wenchao Yu
    Microbial Drug Resistance.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Optimization of immune priming interval using Imuno-FS Plus enhances the efficacy of oral formalin-killed Vibrio parahaemolyticus vaccine in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
    Annisa Widya Ananda, Sri Nuryati, Dinamella Wahjuningrum, Munti Yuhana, Ardana Kurniaji
    Comparative Immunology Reports.2026; 11: 200316.     CrossRef
  • Exploring the antibiofilm efficacy of pyrimidines against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, mechanisms and their potential food processing applications
    Olajide Sunday Faleye, Jin-Hyung Lee, Jintae Lee
    LWT.2025; 215: 117229.     CrossRef
  • The role of sea fish meat in the transmission of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to humans: An in-depth analysis of seasonal and species-specific variations
    Maged A. Al-Garadi, Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Rasha N. Aziz, Dheyazan M. Ali Al-Qabili, Ohoud S. Alhumaidan, Hanouf Alnuwaysir, Al-Hammadi Mohammed Ali, Essam Sayed, A. M. Alabsi
    Veterinary World.2025; : 348.     CrossRef
  • Multidrug Resistance, Biofilm-Forming Ability, and Molecular Characterization of Vibrio Species Isolated from Foods in Thailand
    Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Ratchadaporn Boripun, Phirabhat Saengsawang, Sutsiree Intongead, Sumaree Boonplu, Rawiwan Chanpakdee, Yukio Morita, Sumalee Boonmar, Napapat Rojanakun, Natnicha Suksriroj, Chollathip Ruekaewma, Titima Tenitsara
    Antibiotics.2025; 14(3): 235.     CrossRef
  • Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic bacteria isolated from shrimp aquaculture environments in Selangor, Malaysia
    S. Devadas, Z. Zakaria, M. Shariff, S. Bhassu, M. Karim, I. Natrah
    Aquaculture.2025; 604: 742480.     CrossRef
  • Characterization of Virulence Genotypes and Prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Fish Samples Collected from Thoothukudi Fish Landing Centres, India
    Selvamathi Veerabhadran Ragul, Fathiraja Parthiban, Rajendran Shalini, Sivasankar Panchavarnam, Thandapani Muthulakshmi, Mohamed Mansoor, Stephen Jerusha, Selvam Krishnakumar
    Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Scie.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Persistent Threats: A Comprehensive Review of Biofilm Formation, Control, and Economic Implications in Food Processing Environments
    Alexandra Ban-Cucerzan, Kálmán Imre, Adriana Morar, Adela Marcu, Ionela Hotea, Sebastian-Alexandru Popa, Răzvan-Tudor Pătrînjan, Iulia-Maria Bucur, Cristina Gașpar, Ana-Maria Plotuna, Sergiu-Constantin Ban
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    Alex S. Borromeo, Allan M. Manaloto, Ronilo P. Antonio
    Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance.2025; 45: 125.     CrossRef
  • A New Strategy: Antibiotic Circumstances for Rational Drug use Against Clinical Aeromonas hydrophila And Bacterial Properties of This Bacteria on Different Agars
    Nurdan Filik, Fethi Filik, Ayşegül Kubilay
    Acta Aquatica Turcica.2024; 20(4): 312.     CrossRef
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    Wanna Sirimanapong, Prawporn Thaijongrak, Chiranan Sudpraseart, Dennis Berbulla Bela-ong, Abigail Joy D. Rodelas-Angelia, Mark Rickard N. Angelia, Seungbeom Hong, Jaesung Kim, Kim D. Thompson, Tae Sung Jung
    Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2024; 154: 109973.     CrossRef
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    Truong Thi Bich Van, Nguyen Thi Loan Anh, Nguyen Huu Tri , Chau Thanh Tuan
    Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan.2024; 17(1): 167.     CrossRef
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Drug resistance and the genotypic characteristics of rpoB and katG in rifampicin- and/or isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Vietnam
Thi Binh Nguyen Nguyen, Thi Kieu Diem Nguyen, Van Hue Trương, Thi Tuyet Ngoc Tran, van Bao Thang Phan, Thi Tuyen Nguyen, Hoang Bach Nguyen, Viet Quynh Tram Ngo, Van Tuan Mai, Paola Molicotti
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):347-355.
Published online October 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0124
Drug resistance and the genotypic characteristics of rpoB and katG in rifampicin- and/or isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Vietnam
Objectives
Tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) are national health burdens in Vietnam. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of rifampicin (RIF) and/or isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) resistance in patients with suspected TB, and applied appropriate techniques to help rapidly target DR-TB. Methods: In total, 1,547 clinical specimens were collected and cultured using the BACTEC MGIT system (Becton Dickinson and Co.). A resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) was used to determine the proportions of RIF and/or INH resistance. A real-time polymerase chain reaction panel with TaqMan probes was employed to identify the mutations of rpoB and katG associated with DR-TB in clinical isolates. Genotyping of the identified mutations was also performed. Results: A total of 468 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were identified using the REMA. Of these isolates, 106 (22.6%) were found to be resistant to 1 or both antibiotics. Of the resistant isolates, 74 isolates (69.8%) were resistant to isoniazid (INH) only, while 1 isolate (0.94%) was resistant to RIF only. Notably, 31 isolates (29.24%) were resistant to both antibiotics. Of the 41 phenotypically INH-resistant isolates, 19 (46.3%) had the Ser315Thr mutation. There were 8 different rpoB mutations in 22 (68.8%) of the RIF-resistant isolates. The most frequently detected mutations were at codons 531 (37.5%), 526 (18.8%), and 516 (6.3%). Conclusion: To help prevent new cases of DR-TB in Vietnam, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of the genotypic DR-TB isolates.

Citations

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  • 163 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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Review Article

Strategies to combat Gram-negative bacterial resistance to conventional antibacterial drugs: a review
Priyanka Bhowmik, Barkha Modi, Parijat Roy, Antarika Chowdhury
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):333-346.
Published online October 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0323
Strategies to combat Gram-negative bacterial resistance to conventional antibacterial drugs: a review
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance raises the fear of untreatable diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that is the cumulative result of different factors. While Gram-positive pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile, were previously the most concerning issues in the field of public health, Gram-negative pathogens are now of prime importance. The World Health Organization’s priority list of pathogens mostly includes multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms particularly carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. The spread of Gram-negative bacterial resistance is a global issue, involving a variety of mechanisms. Several strategies have been proposed to control resistant Gram-negative bacteria, such as the development of antimicrobial auxiliary agents and research into chemical compounds with new modes of action. Another emerging trend is the development of naturally derived antibacterial compounds that aim for targets novel areas, including engineered bacteriophages, probiotics, metal-based antibacterial agents, odilorhabdins, quorum sensing inhibitors, and microbiome-modifying agents. This review focuses on the current status of alternative treatment regimens against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, aiming to provide a snapshot of the situation and some information on the broader context.

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Short Communication

Epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022
Hyoseon Jeong, Junghee Hyun, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(4):312-320.
Published online August 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0069
Epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022
Objectives
We aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) outbreaks in healthcare settings in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022.
Methods
Under the national notifiable disease surveillance system, we obtained annual descriptive statistics regarding the isolated species, carbapenemase genotype, healthcare facility type, outbreak location and duration, and number of patients affected and recommended interventions. We used epidemiological investigation reports on CPE outbreaks reported to Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency from June 2017 to September 2022.
Results
Among the 168 reports analyzed, Klebsiella pneumoniae (85.1%) was the most frequently reported species, while K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC, 82.7%) was the most common carbapenemase genotype. Both categories increased from 2017 to 2022 (p<0.01). General hospitals had the highest proportion (54.8%), while tertiary general hospitals demonstrated a decreasing trend (p<0.01). The largest proportion of outbreaks occurred exclusively in intensive care units (ICUs, 44.0%), and the frequency of concurrent outbreaks in ICUs and general wards increased over time (p<0.01). The median outbreak duration rose from 43.5 days before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (2017–2019) to 79.5 days during the pandemic (2020–2022) (p=0.01), and the median number of patients associated with each outbreak increased from 5.0 to 6.0 (p=0.03). Frequently recommended interventions included employee education (38.1%), and 3 or more measures were proposed for 45.2% of outbreaks.
Conclusion
In the Republic of Korea, CPE outbreaks have been consistently dominated by K. pneumoniae and KPC. The size of these outbreaks increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings highlight the need for continuing efforts to control CPE outbreaks using a multimodal approach, while considering their epidemiology.

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Review Article

Carbapenem resistance in critically important human pathogens isolated from companion animals: a systematic literature review
Angie Alexandra Rincón-Real, Martha Cecilia Suárez-Alfonso
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(6):407-423.
Published online December 16, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0033
This study aimed to describe the presence and geographical distribution of Gram-negativebacteria considered critical on the priority list of antibiotic-resistant pathogens publishedby the World Health Organization, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.A systematic review of original studies published in 5 databases between 2010 and 2021 wasconducted, including genotypically confirmed carbapenem-resistant isolates obtained fromcanines, felines, and their settings. Fifty-one articles met the search criteria. Carbapenemresistant isolates were found in domestic canines and felines, pet food, and on veterinarymedical and household surfaces. The review found that the so-called “big five”—that is, the5 major carbapenemases identified worldwide in Enterobacterales (New Delhi metallo-βlactamase, active-on-imipenem, Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase, Klebsiellapneumoniae carbapenemase, and oxacillin [OXA]-48-like)—and the 3 most importantcarbapenemases from Acinetobacter spp. (OXA-23-like, OXA-40-like, and OXA-58-like) hadbeen detected in 8 species in the Enterobacteriaceae family and 5 species of glucose nonfermenting bacilli on 5 continents. Two publications used molecular analysis to confirmcarbapenem-resistant bacteria transmission between owners and dogs. Isolating criticallyimportant human carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from domestic canines andfelines highlights the importance of including these animal species in surveillance programsand antimicrobial resistance containment plans as part of the One Health approach.

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Original Article

Objectives
This study aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics of patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii (CRE/ CRAB) isolates in a tertiary referral hospital in Korea. Methods: We collected and analyzed data from 528 adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital from August 1, 2018 to February 29, 2020. The CRE/CRAB isolates were confirmed as being present at the time of patients’ admission or acquired during hospitalization based on their medical records. The t-test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test and stepwise multiple logistic regression were performed. Results: While the proportion of community-acquired CRE/CRAB was low (6%), 20% of CRE/ CRAB isolates were identified in patients at the time of hospitalization. The risk of CRAB isolation was positively associated with mechanical ventilator use (odds ratio [OR], 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96−6.33) and total parenteral nutrition use (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.87−7.08). Conclusion: Over 20% of CRE/CRAB isolates in a tertiary referral hospital in Korea were found at the time of patients’ admission. Furthermore, patients with mechanical ventilation and/or total parenteral nutrition tended to acquire CRAB more frequently. Thus, active surveillance for CRE/CRAB at the time of hospitalization is strongly required, particularly for patients who are expected to require mechanical ventilation or total parenteral nutrition.

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Review Article

Yersinia pestis antibiotic resistance: a systematic review
Chen Lei, Suresh Kumar
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(1):24-36.
Published online February 18, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0288
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague and a potential biological weapon, has always been a threatening pathogen. Some strains of Y. pestis have varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to alert clinicians to this pathogen’s potential antimicrobial resistance. A review of the literature was conducted for experimental reports and systematic reviews on the topics of plague, Y. pestis, and antibiotic resistance. From 1995 to 2021, 7 Y. pestis isolates with 4 antibiotic resistance mechanisms were reported. In Y. pestis 17/95, 16/95, and 2180H, resistance was mediated by transferable plasmids. Each plasmid contained resistance genes encoded within specific transposons. Strain 17/95 presented multiple drug resistance, since plasmid 1202 contained 10 resistance determinants. Strains 16/95 and 2180H showed single antibiotic resistance because both additional plasmids in these strains carried only 1 antimicrobial determinant. Strains 12/87, S19960127, 56/13, and 59/13 exhibited streptomycin resistance due to an rpsl gene mutation, a novel mechanism that was discovered recently. Y. pestis can acquire antibiotic resistance in nature not only via conjugative transfer of antimicrobial-resistant plasmids from other bacteria, but also by gene point mutations. Global surveillance should be strengthened to identify antibiotic-resistant Y. pestis strains by whole-genome sequencing and drug susceptibility testing.

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Original Articles
Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in southwestern Iran
Nabi Jomehzadeh, Khadijeh Ahmadi, Zahra Rahmani
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(6):390-395.
Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0272
Objectives
This study was undertaken to evaluate AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli urine isolates and to characterize the frequency of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-encoding genes.
Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion technique. AmpC β-lactamase production was assessed with a phenotypic inhibitor-based method. The presence of 6 pAmpC-encoding cluster genes was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results
The proportion of antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates ranged from 7.4% to 90.5%, and more than half (51.6%) of the total isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among the 95 E. coli isolates, 60 (63.2%) were found to be cefoxitin-resistant, but only 14 (14.7%) isolates were confirmed as AmpC β-lactamase-producers. In the PCR assay, pAmpC-encoding genes were found in 15 (15.8%) isolates, and blaDHA was the most prevalent type. However, blaFOX, blaMOX, and blaACC genes were not detected in the isolates.
Conclusion
Our findings contributed valuable information concerning antibiotic resistance, confirmatory phenotypic testing for AmpC production, and pAmpC β-lactamase gene content in E. coli isolates in southwestern Iran. The level of MDR recorded in AmpC-producing strains of this study was worrying; therefore, implementing strong infection control approaches to reduce the MDR burden is recommended.

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<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common causes of pediatric death worldwide and enteropathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (EPEC) is one of the main causes. There are 2 subgroups of EPEC, typical and atypical, based on the presence or absence of bundle forming pili (bfp), of which atypical EPEC is considered less virulent, but not less pathogenic. Antimicrobial resistance towards atypical EPEC among children is growing and is considered a major problem. In this study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates was determined.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>Using 130 isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns and phenotypes were assessed, and genotypic profiles of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production using disc diffusion and PCR was carried out. Phylogenetic groups were analyzed using quadruplex PCR.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>There were 65 <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates identified as atypical EPEC by PCR, among which the highest antibiotic resistance was towards ampicillin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was detected in 44.6% of atypical EPEC isolates. Around 33% of isolates were determined to be extended spectrum β-lactamase producers, and in 90% of isolates, genes responsible for ESBL production could be detected. Moreover, the majority of atypical EPEC strains belonged to Group E, followed by Groups B1, B2 and C.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>High rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production among atypical EPEC isolates warrant periodical surveillance studies to select effective antibiotic treatment for patients. It is considered a critical step to manage antibiotic resistance by avoiding unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics.</p></sec>

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  • Characteristics of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains in people suffering from gastroenteritis in the Republic of Guinea
    Balde Ramatoulaye, Alekseevna Kaftyreva Lidia, Alexandrovna Makarova Maria, Nikolaevna Matveeva Zoya, Evgenievich Polev Dmitry, Timurovna Saitova Alina, Kaba Lancei, Songomo Mountaga, Yéro Boiro Mamadou, Sahar Traore Mohamed
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    Chunru Wei, Yanbo Bai, Lingxian Li, Huying Li, Peng Peng, Yunyao Zhao, Xiujun Sun, Huixia Yu
    Microbial Drug Resistance.2025; 31(6): 169.     CrossRef
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Analysis of Resistance to Macrolide–Lincosamide–Streptogramin B Among mecA-Positive Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates
Mahmoud Khodabandeh, Mohsen Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi, Azadeh Alvandimanesh, Mehrdad Gholami, Meysam Hasannejad Bibalan, Abazar Pournajaf, Ramin Kafshgari, Ramazan Rajabnia
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10(1):25-31.
Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.06
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>Genetic determinants conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS<sub>B</sub>) via ribosomal modification such as, <italic>erm</italic>, <italic>msrA/B</italic> and <italic>ereA/B</italic> genes are distributed in bacteria. The main goals of this work were to evaluate the dissemination of MLS<sub>B</sub> resistance phenotypes and genotypes in methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA) isolates collected from clinical samples.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A total of 106 MRSA isolates were studied. Isolates were recovered from 3 hospitals in Tehran between May 2016 to July 2017. The prevalence of MLS<sub>B</sub>-resistant strains were determined by D-test, and then M-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins in the tested isolates.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The frequency of constitutive resistance MLS<sub>B</sub>, inducible resistance MLS<sub>B</sub> and MS<sub>B</sub> resistance were 56.2%, 22.9%, and 16.6%, respectively. Of 11 isolates with the inducible resistance MLS<sub>B</sub> phenotype, <italic>ermC</italic>, <italic>ermB</italic>, <italic>ermA</italic> and <italic>ereA</italic> were positive in 81.8%, 63.6%, 54.5% and 18.2% of these isolates, respectively. In isolates with the constitutive resistance MLS<sub>B</sub> phenotype, the prevalence of <italic>ermA</italic>, <italic>ermB</italic>, <italic>ermC</italic>, <italic>msrA</italic>, <italic>msrB</italic>, <italic>ereA</italic> and <italic>ereB</italic> were 25.9%, 18.5%, 44.4%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 11.1% and 0.0%, respectively.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Clindamycin is commonly administered in severe MRSA infections depending upon the antimicrobial susceptibility findings. This study showed that the D-test should be used as an obligatory method in routine disk diffusion assay to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA so that effective antibiotic treatment can be provided.</p></sec>

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High Prevalence of Class 1 to 3 Integrons Among Multidrug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Southwest of Iran
Mohammad Kargar, Zahra Mohammadalipour, Abbas Doosti, Shahrokh Lorzadeh, Alireza Japoni-Nejad
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(4):193-198.
Published online August 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.06.003
Objectives
Horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of integrons among MDR <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains isolated from stool specimens and investigate the associations between the existence of integrons and MDR properties in the southwest of Iran.
Methods
There were 164 <i>E. coli</i> strains isolated from January 2012 to June 2012. Fecal specimens identified as <i>E. coli</i> by the conventional methods. Subsequently the antibiotic resistance was assessed using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. The presence of class 1–3 integrons and embedded gene cassettes was verified using specific primers by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay.
Results
Among a total of 164 studied samples, 69 (42.07%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were present in 78.26% and 76.81% MDR isolates, respectively. For the first time in Iran, class 3 integron was observed in 26.09% MDR isolates. Significant correlations were identified between: class 1 integron and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole; class 2 integron and resistance to aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, cefalexin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol; and class 3 integron and resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that integrons are common among MDR isolates and they can be used as a marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Therefore, due to the possibility of a widespread outbreak of MDR isolates, molecular surveillance and sequencing of the integrons in other parts of the country is recommended.

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In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of 21 Indian Timber-Yielding Plants Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection
Monali P. Mishra, Rabindra N. Padhy
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(6):347-357.
Published online December 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.10.007
Objectives
To screen methanolic leaf extracts of 21 timber-yielding plants for antibacterial activity against nine species of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of a hospital (<i>Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>).
Methods
Bacterial strains were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests by the Kirby–Bauer's disc diffusion method. The antibacterial potentiality of leaf extracts was monitored by the agar-well diffusion method with multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of nine uropathogens.
Results
Two Gram-positive isolates, <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, were resistant to 14 of the 18 antibiotics used. Gram-negative isolates <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were resistant to 10, 12, 9, 11, 11, 10, and 11 antibiotics, respectively, of the 14 antibiotics used. Methanolic leaf extracts of <i>Anogeissus acuminata</i> had the maximum zone of inhibition size—29 mm against <i>S. aureus</i> and 28 mm against <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa. Cassia tora</i> had 29 mm as the zone of inhibition size for <i>E. faecalis, E. aerogenes</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values, the most effective 10 plants against uropathogens could be arranged in decreasing order as follows: <i>C. tora</i> > <i>A. acuminata</i> > <i>Schleichera oleosa</i> > <i>Pterocarpus santalinus</i> > <i>Eugenia jambolana</i> > <i>Bridelia retusa</i> > <i>Mimusops elengi</i> > <i>Stereospermum kunthianum</i> > <i>Tectona grandis</i> > <i>Anthocephalus cadamba.</i> The following eight plants had moderate control capacity: <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>, <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, <i>Dalbergia latifolia</i>, <i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i>, <i>Gmelina arborea</i>, <i>Pongamia pinnata</i>, <i>Pterocarpus marsupium</i>, and <i>Shorea robusta</i>. <i>E. coli</i>, followed by <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were controlled by higher amounts/levels of leaf extracts. Phytochemicals of all plants were qualitatively estimated.
Conclusions
A majority of timber-yielding plants studied had <i>in vitro</i> control capacity against MDR uropathogenic bacteria.

Citations

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Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Healthy Poultry and Swine Farm Workers Using Antibiotics in Korea
Seung-Hak Cho, Yeong-Sik Lim, Yeon-Ho Kang
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2012;3(3):151-155.
Published online June 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.002
Objectives
The aim of this study is to compare the antibiotic resistance of <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from faecal samples of workers who often use antibiotics.
Methods
A total of 163<i>E coli</i> strains isolated from faecal samples of livestock workers (poultry and swine farm workers) and restaurant workers in the same regions as a control group were analyzed by agar disc diffusion to determine their susceptibility patterns to 16 antimicrobial agents.
Results
Most of the tested isolates showed high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The isolates showed higher resistance to cephalothin than other antibiotics among the cephems. Among the aminoglycosides, the resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin occurred at higher frequencies compared with resistance to amikacin and netilmicin. Our data indicated that faecal <i>E coli</i> isolates of livestock workers showed higher antibiotic resistances than nonlivestock workers (restaurant workers), especially cephalothin, gentamicin, and tobramycin (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the rates of the livestock workers in the association of multidrug resistance were also higher than the rates of the restaurant workers.
Conclusion
This study implies that usage of antibiotics may contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal <i>E coli</i> strains of humans.

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    Willis Gwenzi, Nhamo Chaukura, Norah Muisa-Zikali, Charles Teta, Tendai Musvuugwa, Piotr Rzymski, Akebe Luther King Abia
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    Zohreh Pourhossein, Leila Asadpour, Hadi Habibollahi, Seyedeh Tooba Shafighi
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    PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0225379.     CrossRef
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    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(3): 156.     CrossRef
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The Emergence of Oseltamivir-Resistant Seasonal Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Korea During the 2008-2009 Season
Woo-Young Choi, Inseok Yang, Sujin Kim, Namjoo Lee, Meehwa Kwon, Joo-Yeon Lee, Chun Kang
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(3):178-185.
Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.11.042
Objectives
To monitor antiviral drug resistance among seasonal influenza viruses isolated in Korea during the 2008-2009 influenza season, we examined influenza isolates collected through Korea Influenza Surveillance Scheme for antiviral drug susceptibility.
Methods
For genetic analysis of antiviral drug resistance, the matrix (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of each isolate were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and followed by nucleotide sequencing. For phylogenetic analyses, the sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA genes of each isolate were aligned using multiple alignment program. For phenotypic analysis of antiviral drug resistance, drug susceptibilities against M2 inhibitor (amantadine) and NA inhibitors (oseltavimir and zanamivir) were determined by virus yield reduction assay and fluorometric NA inhibition assay, respectively.
Results
In Korea, the resistant influenza viruses against oseltamivir were first detected in sealsonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses on Week 48 of 2008. Since then, the number of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses was continuously increased and had reached the highest peak on Week 52 of 2008. 533 (99.8%) of 534 A(H1N1) viruses were resistant to oseltamivir and all of them harbored the H275Y mutation in the NA gene during the 2008-2009 season. The oseltamivir resistance identified by sequencing was confirmed by NA inhibition assay. Genetic analysis based on HA gene of the resistant A(H1N1) viruses revealed that the viruses were identified as A/Brisbane/10/2007-like strain which was vaccine strain for the 2008-2009 season.
Conclusions
The oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses were first emerged in Europe in November 2007 and then circulated globally. One year later, the oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses were first detected in Korea in November 2008 and continued circulating until the Week 7 of 2009 during the 2008-2009 season. Considering the pandemic preparedness, it should be continued to monitor the emergence and the characterization of antiviral drug resistant influenza viruses.

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    Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(4): 177.     CrossRef
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    Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(5): 223.     CrossRef
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    WooYoung Choi, Jin-Young Shin, Hwan-Eui Jeong, Mi-Jin Jeong, Su-Jin Kim, Joo-Yeon Lee, Chun Kang
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(6): 323.     CrossRef
  • Occurrence and characterization of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus in children between 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 seasons
    Seoung Geun Kim, Yoon Ha Hwang, Yung Hae Shin, Sung Won Kim, Woo Sik Jung, Sung Mi Kim, Jae Min Oh, Na Young Lee, Mun Ju Kim, Kyung Soon Cho, Yeon Gyeong Park, Sang Kee Min, Chang Kyu Lee, Jun Sub Kim, Chun Kang, Joo Yeon Lee, Man Kyu Huh, Chang Hoon Kim
    Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2013; 56(4): 165.     CrossRef
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Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Fecal Isolates From Healthy Persons and Patients With Diarrhea
Seung-Hak Cho, Yeong-Sik Lim, Mi-Sun Park, Seong-Han Kim, Yeon-Ho Kang
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(1):41-45.
Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.05.003
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in fecal <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea.
Methods
<i>E. coli</i> isolates (<i>n</i> = 428) were obtained from fecal samples of apparently healthy volunteers and hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Susceptibility patterns of isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined by agar disc diffusion.
Results
Most <i>E. coli</i> isolates exhibited less than 10% resistance against imipenem, cefotetan, aztreonam, cefepime, cefoxitin, amikacin and netilamicin, although greater than 65% were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. No significant difference in resistance rates for all tested antibiotics was found between isolates from the healthy-and diarrheal-patient groups, including for multi-drug resistance (<i>p</i> = 0.22). The highest number of resistant antibiotics was 12 antibiotics. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among the sex and age strata for isolates from healthy individuals. However, antibiotic resistance rates to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, amikacin, and netilamicin were significantly higher in the isolates of men than those of women (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in isolates from patients with diarrhea. Furthermore, isolates from patients with diarrhea older than 40-years of age showed higher resistance to cefepime and aztreonam (<i>p</i> < 0.05).
Conclusion
High resistance to the antibiotics most frequently prescribed for diarrhea was found in isolates from patients with diarrhea and apparently healthy individuals without any significant difference.

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  • Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome
    Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang
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  • Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Fishery Workers
    Hyun-Ho Shin, Seung-Hak Cho
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 72.     CrossRef
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